Advanced Biology Unit 5 Study Guide Chapter 8: Cell Growth and Division
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burros Teacher on November 16, 2010
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BHS Richey 2010-2011
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
| anchorage dependence | The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to divide. |
| asexual reproduction | process by which a single parent reproduces by itself |
| autosome | chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| benign tumor | a tumor that is not cancerous |
| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size |
| carcinoma | malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue |
| cell cycle | the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo |
| cell cycle control | molecules that trigger events in the cell cycle, -positive signal -determined by three experimental approaches -mitosis promoting factor (MPF) |
| system | the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole |
| cell division | the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells |
| cell plate | a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
| centromere | the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis |
| centrosome | Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles. |
| chiasma plural: chiasmata | The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis, the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion. |
| chromatin | combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| cleavage | (embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum |
| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
| crossing over | the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis |
| cytokinesis | organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells |
| deletion | the loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome |
| density-dependent | A factor that limits a population more as population density increases. For example: A disease that spreads more easily among organisms in a dense population than in a less dense population |
| inhibition | a synaptic message that prevents a recipient neuron from firing |
| diploid cell | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. |
| Down syndrome | a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome, Trisomy 21 |
| duplication | An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome. |
| fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
| gamete | a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| genetic recombination | the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents |
| genome | the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism |
| growth factor | protein that initiates cell division |
| haploid cell | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). |
| homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. |
| interphase | the first stage of the cell cycle, a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins |
| inversion | (genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed |
| karyotype | the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes) |
| leukemia | cancer characterized by an increase in abnormal white blood cells |
| life cycle | the course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced |
| locus, plural loci | the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome |
| lymphoma | any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease |
| malignant tumor | an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor |
| meiosis | (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |
| metastasis | the process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs |
| mitotic phase M phase | the part of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells. |
| mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis// Joined microtubules that form around the nucleus; pushing the centrioles to opposite ends of the cell. |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| nondisjunction | meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate |
| prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. |
| prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus |
| sarcoma | a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.) |
| sex chromosome | one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual//one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete |
| sister chromatid | one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides |
| somatic cell | any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells |
| telophase | the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes |
| tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| translocation | (genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts//change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| trisomy 21 | condition in which an individual has three number 21 chromosomes, resulting in Down syndrome |
| tumor | an abnormal mass of tissue that can live and reproduce itself, but performs no service to the body |
| zygote | the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell) |
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