A & P 1 Final Study Guide
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Created by:
sherrybritt on November 16, 2010
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183 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Kidney | Most Important excretory organ |
| Layers of the kidney | Cortex - outer layer , Medulla - inner layer, Nephrons - workhorse of the kidneys |
| Nephrons are made up of | Glomerulus, Bomens Capsule, Renal Tubule |
| Bladder | Hollow muscular sac in pelvic cavity |
| Ureters | Muscular tubes lined w/mucous membranes |
| Urethra | Mucous Membrane lined tube leads from the bladder to the exterior of the body |
| Urinary Meatus | External opening of the urethra |
| External Sphincter | Muscle that controls the release of urine |
| Process of urine formation | 1.) glomerular filtration, 2.) tubular reabsorption, 3.) tubular secretion |
| Amount of urine excreted daily | 2 qt's, 95% water & 5% waste |
| Ketones | substances formed when the body breaks down fat for energy |
| anuria | absence of urine production |
| nocturia | excessive urination at night |
| oliguria | decrease in urine production |
| polyuria | excessive production of urine |
| hematuria | presence of blood in urine |
| ketonuria | presnece of ketones in urine |
| albuminuria | presence of serum protien albumin in the urine |
| bacteriuria | bacteria in the urine |
| calciuria | presence of calcium in the urine |
| creatinuria | an increase concentration of creatine in the urine |
| glycosuria | presence of gloclose in the urine |
| proteinuria | excess protein in urine |
| pyuria | pus in the urine |
| dysuria | painful or difficult urination |
| urinalysis | the physical chemical and microscopic examination of urine and its components |
| urochrome | yellow pigment that gives urine its color |
| Cystitis | inflamation of the urinary bladder / frequency of urination |
| Glomerulonephritis | inflamation of the glomerulus within the kidney |
| Hydronephrosis | distention of pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in ureter |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease | Hereditary disorder, grapelike fluidfilled sacs / cysts that replace normal tissue |
| Pyelonephritis | Bacterial infection of renal pelvis of the kidney |
| Renal Calculi | Stone formation in the kidney |
| Renal Cell Carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the kidney occuring in adulthood |
| Renal Failure | Progressive irreversible deterioration in the renal functions, kidney failure |
| Vesicoureteral reflux | An abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureter |
| Wilm's tumor | A malignant tumor of the kidney occuring predominantly in children |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | mechanical filtering of the bloods waste products, excess fluid, and regulation of chemicals. |
| Hemodialysis | removal of excess fluids and toxins from the blood via a shunt. |
| Cystoscopy | viewing of the interior of the bladder |
| Urine Culture | urine is placed in a culture medium for 24 to 48 hrs to cultivate the growth of the bacteria present in the specimen |
| Ultrasonography | sound waves are transmitted into the body structures as a transducer passes over the skin |
| IVP, Intravenous Pyelogram | radiographic procedure to view the entire urinary tract by injection of a contrast dye |
| Catheterization | insertion of a flexible, hollow tube into a body cavity or organ to instill or remove a substance |
| Enuresis | bed wetting |
| Cystocele | Protrusion of the bladder |
| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst |
| UTI | urinary tract infection |
| KUB | kidneys, urea, bladder |
| BUN | blood, urea, nitrogen |
| UA | urinalysis |
| ARF | acute renal failure |
| Symptoms of urinary tract infection | frequent urge to urinate, burning and pain during urination, Malaise - feeling bad all over, tired, shaky, uncomfortable pressure above the pubic bone, urge to urinate, but only able to urinate small amounts of urine |
| pH | symbol for the degree of alkalinity or acidity |
| Na+ | Sodium |
| K+ | Potassium |
| HD | Hemodialysis |
| C & S | Culture and Sensitivity |
| Function of the Urinary System | to remove nitrogenous waste from the blood |
| ESRD | End Stage Renal Disease |
| What is the pathway of urine formation & excretion | 1) blood, 2) renal artery, 3) glomerulus, 4) filtration occures, 5) bowmens capsule, 6) renal tubules - reabsorption occures, 7) collecting tubule, 8) renal pyramid, 9) minor calyx, 10) major calyx, 11) renal pelvis, 12) ureter, 13) urinary bladder, 14) urethra, 15) urethra, 16) urinary meatus, 17) Then exits the body |
| PSA | prostate specific antigen |
| BPH | benign prostate hyperplasia |
| ED | erectile disfunction |
| HSV | herpes simplex virus |
| TURP | transurethral resection of the prostate |
| Chlamydia | most common of all STD's, caused by bacteria , transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral contact |
| Genital Herpes | fluid filled blisters on genitals, caused by a virus, transmission occures when an infected area comes in contact w/ mucous membrane of a person |
| Herpes Simplex 1 | oral herpes |
| Herpes Simplex 2 | genital herpes |
| Gonorrhea | common to be mistaken in women for Yeast infections & men as jock itch, is caused by a bacteria, transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal contact |
| Syphilis | usually begins w/ a single sore called a (CHANCRE), is caused by a bacteria, is transmitted from having contact w/ someone who has syphilis sores |
| Chancre | 1st stage of syphilis |
| Rash on palms of hands & bottom of feet | 2nd stage of syphilis - Tertiary |
| poor muscle movement, gradual blindness, paralysis, damage to the brain, spinal cord, & heart | Late stage of syphilis |
| HIV / AIDS | Spread primarily by sexual contact & sharing needles, Can be transmitted at the time a person becomes infected w/ other STD's, generally fatal & death happens usually within 2 to 3 yrs |
| HIV | virus that causes AIDS, Human Immunodeficiency Disease |
| AIDS | Aquired Immunodeficiency Disease |
| Kaposi's Sarcoma | Complications of AIDS |
| HPV | Most common viral STD in the United States, is transmitted by vaginal, oral, & anal sex, # 1 cause of abnormal pap results in women |
| Genital Warts | caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) |
| Pubic Lice | Commonly known as - Crabs |
| Trichomoniasis | microscopic parasite |
| Hepatitis | Virus that affects the liver, There are 3 most common forms of Hepatitis and those are A, B, C, |
| Hepatitis A | spread by feces |
| Hepatitis B | spread by sexual contact |
| Hepatitis C | spread by IV drug use & sexual contact |
| Mons Pubis | fatty tissue that covers the symphysis pubis - developes pubic hair during puberty |
| Labia Majora | 2 folds of skin, outside cotains pubic hair - inside is smooth & lies on both sides of the vagina |
| Labia Minora | 2 thin folds of skin that lies inside the labia majora, extends from the clitoris to the perineum |
| bartholin's Glands | lubricates the vagina by secretion of mucus |
| Clitoris | short - elongated organ composed of erectile tissue, main source of female arousal |
| Vaginal Orifice | opening of the vagina |
| Hymen | thin layer of skin that covers the vagina |
| Vagina | muscular tube that connects the uterus w/ the vulva, 3 in" in length, located between bladder & rectum |
| Rugae | fold of tissue found in the vagina that allows it to expand during childbirth |
| Functions of the vagina | 1) recieves seminal fluid from the male, 2) serves as a passageway for discharge or menstration, 3) serves as a birth canal |
| Functions of the uterus | 1) discharge of bloody fluid from the endometrial linning, 2) place for nourishment & protection of fetus during pregnancy, 3) during labor the muscular walls of the uterus contract to expel fetus |
| Fallopian tubes | fertilization takes place |
| Ovaries | female gonads or sex glands |
| What are the 2 functions of the ovaries | 1) production of the ova (egg) 2) production of hormones |
| What is ovulation | periodic ripening and rupture of a mature graafian follicle and the discharge of the ovum |
| what are 2 types of hormones | 1) estrogen 2) progesterone |
| mammary glands | breast |
| montgomery gland | small subaceous gland only active during pregnancy |
| Menarche | the very 1st menstrual period |
| Menstrual Cycle | Avg. is every 28 days & last 3 - 7 days |
| HCG | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - confirms or denies if one is pregnant. (Preg. Test) |
| Ovarian Sac | stores the ovum (egg) |
| Pap Smear | microscopic examination of cells removed from the cervix & vaginal area |
| Mammography | X - Ray exam of the breast |
| Colposcopy | Visual examination of the vagina & cervix |
| D & C - dialation & curettage | scraping and removal of the endometrial lining of the uterus |
| Tubal Ligation | blocking of the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization |
| IVF | in-vitro fertilization, egg & sperm cells are combined outside of the body & then are placed inside the womens uterus |
| AB | abortion |
| SBE | Self Breast Exam |
| FHR | fetal heartrate |
| FSH | follicle stimulating hormone |
| HRT | hormone replacement therapy |
| CA -125 | blood serum protein marker for ovarian cancer |
| Cx | cervix |
| LMP | Last Menstrual Period |
| OB | obstetrics |
| PMS | Pre - Menstrual Syndrome |
| AFP | alpha - fetoprotein |
| Layers & Portions of the uterus | Portions = fundus, body, cervix Layers = perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
| EDC | expected date of confinement |
| DUB | disfunction uterine bleeding |
| -genesis | formation |
| The tiny coils in each testicle where sperm is produced are called | seminiferous tubules - ( Daddy Daycare ) |
| Scrotum | small sac, located posterior to the penis |
| Testes produce what? | Testosterone |
| Perineum | area between the rectum & scrotum |
| Epididymis | tightly coiled tubule located on top of the testicle, sperm matures & is stored in this area until it becomes mobile |
| Vas Deferens - also known as Ductus Deferns | tube that starts at the epididymis and leads sperm to the ejaculatory duct |
| Seminal Vesicles | intersect w / the vas deferens & the ducts secrete fluid into ejaculatory duct |
| Ejaculatory Duct | Vas Deferens & Seminal vesicle combine together to form the ejaculation duct |
| Prostate Gland | Each ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland, and the muscular action of the prostate gland aids in expelling semen from the body |
| Urethra | Ducts of the prostate gland enter in the urethra, urethra has 2 functions 1) male reproductive system, 2) urinary system |
| Cowper's Gland | Glands are stimulated to secrete mucous - like fluid to provide lubrication during intercourse, nourishes sperm & enhances mobility |
| Glans Penis | external end of penis where urine & semen is expelled, (soft sensitive region) |
| Prepuce | foreskin on penis |
| Erection | when penis is filled w / small blood spaces & becomes rigid & larger in diameter |
| Semen | combination of sperm and various secretions, called seminal fluid |
| Ejaculation | Process of expelling semen from the male urethra |
| Pathway of sperm | 1) Seminiferous tubules -testes, 2) Epidiymis - sperm matures & hangs out, 3) Vas Deferens, 4) Seminal Vesicles -combines w / fluid, 5) Ejaculatory Duct - Comb. of 3 & 4, 6) Prostate Gland - comb. w / fluid, 7) Cowper's Gland - more fluid, 8) Urethra, 9) Exits the Penis - Ejaculation |
| Balantitis | inflamation of the glans penis, caused by fungus or bacteria |
| Smegma | shed skin cells & moisture |
| Benign Prostate hyperplasia | Non cancerous - enlargement of prostate gland creating pressure & causing obstruction of urine flow, common in men over 50 |
| Carcinoma of the prostate | malignant growth within the prostate gland, creating pressure on the upper part of the urethra, most common cause of death in men over 55 |
| Carcinoma of the testes ( testicular cancer ) | malignant tumor of the testicle that appears as a painless lump in the testicle, cancer can spread quickly throughout the lymphatic system |
| Cryptorchidism | undesended tesitcle (s), absence of 1 or both testicles from the scrotum |
| Epispadias | congenital birth defect in which urethra opens on the Upper side of the penis |
| Hypospadias | congenital birth defect in which the urethra opens on the Under side of the penis |
| Hydrocele | accumulation of fluid in any sac cavity or duct, esp in the scrotal sac or along spermatic cord, caused by inflamaion of the epididymis or testes, or obstruction of lymphaticor venous flow within the spermatic cord |
| Impotence | inability of a male to sustain an erection of the penis |
| Inguial Hernia | protrusion of part of the intestine through a weakend spot in the iguinal region |
| Orchitis | inflamation of the testes d / t a virus, bacterial infection, or injury |
| Phimosis | tightness of the foreskin on penis that prevents it from being pulled back, openingof foreskin narrows causing difficult urination |
| Premature ejaculation | dicharge of seminal fluid prior to complete erection of the penis or immediately after penis has been introduced to the vaginal canal |
| Prostatitis | inflamation within the prostate gland, d / t bacterial invasion |
| Varicocele | abnormal dilation of the spermatic cord leading to the testicle |
| PSA | Prostate Specific Antigen - is a protein produced by the prostate, & the dialated veins cause swelling and discomfort around spermatic cord |
| DRE | Digital Rectal Exam - palpation of the prostate gland using a finger placed through the anal canal |
| Semen Analysis | visual examination of sperm w / microscope, ckd for sperm mobility, shape & infertility |
| Circumcision | surgical removal of the prepuce ( foreskin on penis ) |
| Vasectomy | surgical removal of part of the Vas Deferens |
| what is the difference b / t sperm and semen | 1) sperm - seed, 2) semen - fluid |
| Anarchism | No testicles |
| Terat / o | monster |
| Sperm | a mature sperm can survive 24 to 72 hrs |
| zygote | stage 1 of a baby - fertilized ovum (egg) |
| embryo | stage 2 of a baby - 2nd - 8th week |
| fetus | stage 3 of a baby - 9th wk - delivery |
| amniotic sac | strong thin walled sac that envelopes & protects the growing fetus |
| amniotic fluid | cushions & protects the growing fetus |
| Placenta | temporary organ of pregnancy |
| HPL | human placental lactogen |
| Afterbirth | detachment of the placenta, eliminated through the vaginal opening |
| PID | pelvic inflamatory disease |
| IUD | inter uterine device |
| EDD | expected due date |
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