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Philip II Son of Charles V, inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and the American colonies. He was a strong defender of Catholicism during his reign and descended from the Hapsburg dynasty. Absolute Monarchs kings or queens who believed that all power within their state's boundaries rested in their hands Divine Right the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth The War of the Spanish Succession 1701, the struggle that followed when England, Austria, the Dutch republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together against France and Spain. Great Britain won the war and took Gibraltar (Mediterranean fortress), Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay and Spain granted British permission to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies Jean Baptist Colbert financial minister to the king, helped Louis attain economic, political and cultural brilliance for France; made France self-sufficent Frederick the Great of Prussia, son of Frederick I; followed his father's military policies when he came to power but softened some of his laws because he believed he should be like a father to his people Intendants government agents who collected taxes and administered justice Skepticism the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain; French thinkers saw religious war and were horrified and turned to this Cardinal Richelieu the effective ruler of France during the weak ruler, Louis XIII's reign, after being a hard-working leader of the Catholic church in France. Edict of Nantes a declaration of religious toleration towards the Huguenots who could worship in peace (in some cities) and live in France Louis XIV Ruler of France: 1. excluded nobles from councils, limiting their power, 2. increased power of government agents called intendants who collected taxes and administered justice, 3. communicated regularly with local officials to keep power centralized Thirty Years War (1618 to 1648)- a conflict over religion, territory and for power among European ruling families (separated into 1. Phase of Hapsburg triumphs, 2. Phase of Hapsburg Defeats); resulted in the Peace of Westphalia The Treaty of Westphalia 1. Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria, 2. Strengthened France by asarding it German territory, 3. Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor, 4. It ended religious wars in Europe, 5. It introduced a new method of peace negotiation (all members convene and agree on terms of peace) Seven Years' War (1756 to 1763) involved every great European power fought in Europe, India and North America brought victory to Great Britain with sole economic dominance in India and France lost their North American colonies Charles I son of James I, took the throne of England in 1625, he always needed money, because of his war with Spain and France, and if Parliament wouldn't give it to him, he would dissolve it; in 1628, he needed more money and Parliament wouldn't give it unless he signed a document called the Petition of Right; he ignored the petition because it said that law was higher than king and it contradicted absolutism; spurred English Civil War Oliver Cromwell General of Puritans in English Civil War, later became military dictator of England; abolished monarchy and House of Lords and established a commonwealth—republican form of government; favored religious tolerance for all Christians, except Catholics, and he also welcomed Jews Glorious Revolution William led his army to London in 1688 and James fled to France, he was overthrown bloodlessly Constitutional Monarchy A government in which laws limit the ruler habeas corpus every prisoner gets the right to botain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge who would decide if he would be tried or set free, limited powers of monarch Restoration Charles II rule in which he brought back the culture that Puritans had banned such as theater, sporting events, and dancing; passed habeas corpus Cabinet a group of government ministers who acted in the ruler's name but represented the majority of Parliament, so they were a link between the two Boyars Russian landowning nobles Peter the Great one of Russia's greatest reformers; Forced necessary change on state, whether they wanted it or not, increased his powers; took control of Russian Orthodox church by eliminated patriarch and setting up new group called Holy Synod that ran the church under his direction; reduced power of the great landowners, creating very loyal members of the lower-ranking families who could move up in class Romanovs a dynasty that ruled for 300 years, restored order, strengthened government with law code and ending revolt Westernization using western Europe as a model for change to make Russia stronger Jizya the taxation of non-muslim citizens under Ottoman rule Janissaries personal slaves and soldiers to Sultans Sultan ruler of Ottoman Dynasty Shah Abbas greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty; created a loyal military; punished corruption; promoted officials who proved loyalty; limited the power of "redheads" Akbur known as "Great One"; Babur's grandson; Muslim leader; defended religious tolerance; fair taxation (abolished jizya, tax proportionate to crops); genius at cultural blending Primogeniture the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child