Psychology Chapter 5: Learning
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em_monkey788 on November 16, 2010
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Learning | any relatively permanent change in behavior (or potential behavior) resulting from experience |
| Classical Conditioning | a form of learning which 2 stimulus events become associated in such a way that the occurance of one event relaiably predicts the occurance of the other |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | a stimulus that can evoke an unconditioned (automatic) response the 1st time it is present |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | the automatic response evoked by a UCS |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | the stimulus which does not evoke an automatic response |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | the stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the UCS |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | the response to the CS |
| Aquisition | when a new behavior is observed it has been acquired |
| Extinction | when a behavior dissapears it has become extinct or extinguished |
| Reconditioning | the rapid recovery of a CR to a CS-UCS pairing following extinction |
| Generalization | transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus |
| Discrimination | the process by which organisms learn to respond to one certain stimuli but not to others |
| Counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to attempt to replace bad or unpleasant emotional responses to a stimulus with more pleasant adaptive responses |
| Instinctive Drift | in animal training, it is a tendency to return to the type of behavior the animal would exhibit under natural conditions |
| Classical Conditioning of Fear | in 1920, Watson conditioned a toddler (Little Albert) to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise---became afraid of other white furry objects |
| Instrumental Learning | learning with consequences; behavior is instrumental in bringing about rewarding consequences |
| Law of Effect | if a response is followed by a reward then that response will be strengthened; if a response is followed by no reward or punishement, it will be weakened |
| Operant Conditioning | the process in learning in which consequences of a response determine the probability of repetivity |
| Reinforcement | a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated |
| Shaping | rewarding successive approximations in order to acheive a desired goal |
| Positive Reinforcement | adding a pleasant stimulus in order to see the behavior more |
| Negative Reinforcement | subtracting an unpleasant stimulus in order to see the behavior more |
| Positive Punishment | adding an unpleasant stimulus in order to see the behavior less |
| Negative Punishment | subtracting a pleasant stimulus in order to see the behavior less |
| Interval | frequency of reward based on time |
| Ratio | frequency of reward based on the rate of response |
| Fixed | rewarded on a regular basis |
| Variable | rewarded on a random basis |
| Premack Principal | a more prefered activity can be used to reinforce a less prefered activity |
| Supersticious Behavior | can be acquired through coincidential association of a response to a reinforcer |
| Observational Learning | aka social learning; organisms learn by observing the behaviors and the consequences of the behaviors of others around them |
| Modeling | presentation of a behavior from which an individual may learn |
| Attention | the extent to which we focus on others' behaviors |
| Retention | our ability to retain a representation of others' behavior in memory |
| Production Processes | our ability to act on these memory representations |
| Motivation | the usefulness to us of the information acquired |
| Bobo Doll Experiment | proved that people/children learn by watching others; they can learn aggression and physical/verbal abuse |
| Insight Learning | the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs; the "aha phenomenom" |
| Cognitive Map | a mental representation of "picture" of the element in a learning situation, such as a maze |
| Latent Learning | learning that remains hidden or concealed until a later time |
| Learned Helplessness | feelings of helplessness that develop after explosure to situations in which no effort succeeds in affecting outcomes |
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