Harper Mid term Exam
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Created by:
mrleblanc96 on November 17, 2010
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182 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 hypothesis | Must be a statement, not a question. |
| hypothesis | Use the _______ to find variables.It may have a cause and effect relationship. |
| Hypothesis | What is this an example of? ... Women who exercise have greater bone density than those who are sedentary. |
| Hypothesis | What link two variables? |
| Hypothesis | What is this an example of? ... Tall girls are stronger than short girls. |
| IV: level of activity; DV: level of bone density | Name the Independent Variable and the Dependant Variable: Women who exercise have greater bone density than those who are sedentary. |
| IV: height of plant; DV: length of ears | List IV and DV: Tall corn plants produce longer ears of corn than dwarf corn plants. |
| IV: taking vitamins; DV: growth | List IV and DV: Taking vitamins affects a child's growth. |
| IV: control their blood sugar; DV: kidney problems | List IV and DV: People with diabetes who control their blood sugar levels have fewer kidney problems. |
| IV: Students whose Emergenetics color; DV: like science | List IV and DV: Students whose Emergenetics color is yellow are more likely to like science than others. |
| experiment | A test of a hypothesis. |
| experimental and control | Controlled experiments contain an ___________ and ___________ group. |
| control group | What is set up to give us something to compare the experiment or group to; the "normal" group |
| independent variable | The control group and the experimental group should be alike in every way except for the _______. |
| the conclusion | What MUST reflect the hypothesis? |
| constant factors or constants. | In addition to being in the same level of science course, the students should also be alike in other ways: basic intelligence, adequate nutrition, identical testing situations, etc. These factors are called ______ or _______. |
| Anything else that might influence flowering. EX: sunlight, water, and soil | What constants would you need to consider if you were testing to find out whether pansies produced more flowers if fertilizer is added? |
| Frame of reference | wherever you are when you observe something moving |
| speed | the rate of motion |
| constant speed | speed that stays the same |
| velocity | speed in a given direction |
| acceleration | any time motion changes what happens? |
| deceleration | slowing down or negative acceleration |
| Speed | distance/time |
| distance | speed x time |
| average speed | total distance/ total time |
| acceleration | the rate of change in speed(velocity) |
| acceleration | V2-V1/ time |
| 9.8 m/s/s | force of gravity due to acceleration |
| speed | velocity changes when what changes? |
| momentum | mass of an object times its velocity |
| Momentum | mass x velocity |
| Law of Conservation of Momentum | the total momentum of a group of objects maintain the same unless outside forces act on the objects |
| force | a push or a pull in a particular direction |
| forces | What affects how objects move? |
| forces | can cause motion, slow down, stop or change direction of motion of an object that is already moving |
| start moving, move faster, move slower, stop moving, change direction, and change shape | A force changes the velocity of an object, causing it to... |
| acceleration | force causes changes in VELOCITY, so force causes |
| newtons | force is measured in |
| pairs | forces usually act in |
| direction | forces act in a particular |
| effects | forces cannot be seen, but there ..... can |
| force | more than one .... can act on an object at a time |
| how strong the forces are and the direction of the forces | What happens to the object when the forces act depends on two things: |
| net force | when more than one force acts on an object, the forces combine to form a .... |
| net force | the combination of all the forces acting on an object is the .... |
| opposite forces | force may work together or they may be ..... |
| balanced forces; don't cause a change in an object's motion | two or more opposite forces are ..... if their effects cancel each other and they ...... |
| zero and no movement | if the two forces of equal strenght act on an object in opposite directions, the forces will cancel, resulting in a net force of .... |
| unbalanced forces. | If the effects of the forces don't cancel each other, if one force is stronger than others, the forces are |
| Unbalanced forces | cause a change in motion; speed and/or direction. |
| same direction | When two forces act in the ..... on an object, the net force is equal to the sum of the two forces. |
| opposite direction; difference | When two unequal forces act in ...... on an object, the net force is the ...... of the two forces |
| resultant | the final force and its direction are called a ...... |
| same | When two forces act in the _____ direction on an object, we add them to get a total or net force |
| opposite | When two forces act in ______ directions on an object, we subtract them to get the net force. |
| Balanced forces | two forces acting on the same object which are both equal and opposite (net force is 0). |
| Balanced forces | They cancel each other out and do not move. |
| Unbalanced forces | NOT both equal and opposite. |
| Unbalanced forces | cause a change in motion. |
| unbalanced forces | may be: equal and not opposite, opposite but not equal, or neither equal nor opposite |
| friction | A force opposing motion |
| friction | is a force that acts between two surfaces that are moving relative to one another. |
| friction | It acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of an object |
| friction | ______ will cause a moving object to slow down and eventually to stop. |
| pressure; materials | Friction depends on the _________ between the surfaces and the _________ that make up the surfaces |
| sliding | what type of friction is between solid surfaces? |
| rolling | what type of friction is produced by wheels or ball bearings? |
| fluid | what type of friction is exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas)? |
| fluid | what type of friction is air resistance? |
| fluid | what type of friction are lubricants—slippery substances that reduce friction (grease, oil, wax) |
| friction | Without __________ you could not walk. The friction between your feet and the floor keeps you from sliding around. |
| friction | Cars are able to stop because of the__________ between their tires and the road surface. |
| rest; constant motion, and accelerated motion | the laws of motion describe all the states of motion: |
| the laws of motion | ____ explain how FORCES cause all the states of motion. |
| inertia | Newton's First Law |
| Newton's First Law | An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion at constant velocity (speed and direction) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. |
| inertia | tendency of objects to stay at rest OR in motion. |
| friction and gravity | _________ and __________are 2 outside forces always acting on earth. |
| F=ma | Newton's Second Law |
| newton | a unit of force |
| force | The more massive an object is, the more ______ it will take to accelerate it (overcome inertia.) |
| 1 N | = 1 kg X 1 m/s/s |
| Action/Reaction | Newton's Third Law |
| reaction | For every action, there is an equal and opposite ______ |
| DO NOT | Action/Reaction forces are equal and opposite, but _______ cancel out because they act on different objects. They are NOT balanced! |
| Newton's Third Law | Bat exerts force on ball. Ball exerts opposite force on bat. BUT they are not balanced because the forces are on different objects. Motion does result. |
| acceleration | The _______ of a falling object is due to the force of gravity between the object and the earth. |
| weight | the force of gravity is____ |
| air resistance | A force pushing upward on a falling object. |
| air resistance | Because of ________, falling objects reach a terminal velocity—a maximum velocity reached by a falling object |
| terminal velocity | _________ occurs when the downward force of gravity equals the upward force of air resistance. |
| the mass and the distance | The size of the force depends on |
| masses | The larger the _______, the greater the force of attraction. |
| weight | A measure of the force of gravity on an the mass of an object |
| weight | mass X acceleration due to gravity |
| frame of reference | Whenever you describe something that is moving, you are comparing it with something that is assumed to be stationary, or not moving. |
| frame of reference | the object that is used to compare motion to is called the |
| speed | rate of motion |
| velocity | speed in a given direction |
| speed or direction change | velocity changes when..... |
| anytime motion changes | when does acceleration happen? |
| lower, higher | water boils at ____ temperatures in ____ elevations |
| density | the amount of matter in a certain place |
| g/cm | density of solids is usually measured in _/__ |
| freeze | to change form a liquid to solid |
| gas | a phase in which matter has no definite shaper or volume |
| far apart, freely | in a gas, molecules are ________ and move ____ |
| water vapor | water in the gas phase |
| gas | will expand to fill any container, can be compressed |
| liquid | a phase in which matter has definite volume but no definite shape |
| liquid | will take the shape of a container but cannot expand or be compressed |
| close, freely | in a liquid, molecules are ____ together and move ____ |
| molecule | a particle made of two or more atoms |
| solid | a phase in which matter has a definite shape and a definite volume |
| phase | a state of matter with certain physical properties |
| solid, liquid, gas | ___, ___, and ___ phases occur naturally on earth |
| plasma | a phase found in stars |
| solid | will retain the same shape and volume in any container |
| rigid structure, cannot | in a solid, atoms are held in a ________ and ____ move freely |
| ice | water in a solid phase |
| volume | the amount of space an object occupies |
| lower, higher, lower | water boils at ____ temperatures at ____ altitudes because air pressure is ___ there |
| density | m/v = ? |
| g/mL | density of liquids is usually measured in _/___ |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| graduated cylinder | a device used to measure the volume of liquids |
| matter | something that occupies space and has mass |
| volume | the amount of space an object occupies or takes up |
| weight, mass | your ___ depends on the gravity of the planet you are on, your ___ will always be the same no matter where you are |
| weight | the pull of gravity on an object |
| weight | m x g |
| gravity | the force of attraction between all objects in the universe |
| atom | the smallest particle of an element |
| 1.0 g/mL | waters density? |
| float | any substance than LOWER density than water will ____ |
| sink | any substance with HIGHER density than water will ____ |
| low density | particles are far apart |
| high density | particles are close together |
| plasma | state of matter with the highest energy |
| sublimation | solid to a gas |
| solute | particles being dissolved |
| solvent | particles doing the dissolving |
| suspension | large solid particles that settle out over time |
| colloid | the solute particles are large, but not as large as in a suspension, and stay suspended. |
| solution | particles are small, evenly mixed, easily distributed |
| crystal light and water | ex. of solution? |
| suspension, colloid | heterogeneous? |
| solution | homogeneous? |
| Work | The movement of an object through space |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Potential energy | Stored energy or the ability to do work because of position |
| Kinetic energy | The energy of motion |
| Energy conversions | A change from one type of energy to another |
| Chemical | Energy stored in chemical bonds (potential) It is released or absorbed when bonds are broken or formed |
| Electromagnetic | Waves with an electrical and a magnetic component |
| Light | electromagnet waves that are visible to the human eye |
| Electrical | waves of electrons that move from one place to another |
| Heat Thermal | Kinetic energy of particles in a substance When energy increases the particles speed up, when the energy decreases, the particles slow down |
| Sound | vibration of particles of matter that travel from one place to another |
| Gravity | attraction between all objects in the universe (potential energy of position) |
| Nuclear | Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electrical Current | energy that results from the movement of charged particles. |
| Fossil Fuel | a fuel formed deep in Earth's crust from the remains of plants and animals. |
| Global Warming | a gradual rise in Earth's average temperature. |
| Gravitational energy | stored energy that is due to an object's position. |
| Nonrenewable resources | natural resource that cannot be replaced reasonably soon |
| Renewable resources | a natural resource that can be replaced in a reasonable amount of time. |
| Energy consumption | the amount of energy that is used. |
| Circuit | a path containing mobile charges. |
| Current | the flow of electrical charge. |
| Parallel circuit | a circuit that contains two or more branches |
| Resistor | resist the flow of electricity and are used to control or limit the electricity in a circuit |
| Series circuit | a circuit in which moving charges can only follow a single path |
| photoresistor | light sensitive resistor; its value changes from nearly infinite to total darkness |
| battery | produce an electrical voltage using a chemical reaction |
| fuse | used to break a circuit when there is to much current |
| static electricity | a stationary electrical charge that is built up on the surface of a material |
| lightning | Kills more than 60 people and injures more than 400 people a year in the United States. Can travel at more than 1 mile in 5 seconds - 720 miles/hour Temperature - about 20,000 ºC Voltage of up to 1.2 * 108 volts (120 000 000 volts) |
| insulator | materials in which electrons are loosely held and move easily |
| solar geothermal | is the energy received by the earth from the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the production of solar electricity possible. |
| conductor | a thing that transmits heat, electricity, light, sound or other form of energy. |
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