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actinides the second period of the inner transition elements alkali metals Group 1A of the periodic table alkaline earth metals Group 2A of the periodic table anions negative ions atomic radius half the distance between the nuclei of two like atoms (relative size) cations positive ions electronegativity tendency for the atoms of the element to attract electrons when they are chemically combined with another element groups/families the vertical columns of the periodic table halogens Group 7A of the periodic table inner transition metals outermost s sublevel and nearby f sublevel generally contain electrons, characterized by filling of the f orbitals ionization energy energy that is required to remove the most loosely held electron from the outer energy level of that atom in the gas phase lanthanides the first period of the inner transition metals metalloids/semimetals chemical elements that shares properties of both metals and nonmetals metals chemical elements that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat noble gases Group 8A of the periodic table nonmetals chemical elements that are not good conductors of electricity or heat periodic law when elements on the periodic table are arranged by atomic number, relationships and similarities in properties can be seen periodic table elements arranged according to similarities in their properties periods the horizontal rows of the periodic table representative elements outermost s or p sublevel is only partially filled, Group 1A - 8A transition metals outermost s sublevel and nearby d sublevel contain electrons, Group B elements