AP Biology Chapter 6 Vocabulary (The Cell)
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Created by:
wonderjisoo on August 28, 2008
Description:
The vocabulary for chapter 6 and 7 of AP biology - the cell. (from Campbell text)
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Light Microscope (LM) | a microscope where visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses |
| Organelles | membrane-enclosed compartments (subcellular structures) |
| Electron Microscope (EM) | a microscope where a beam of electrons is focused through the specimen or on to its surface |
| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | a microscope which excites electrons on the surface of the cell, and shows the specimen's topography |
| Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) | a microscope which aims an electron through a very thin section of the specimen, which has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, and displays the pattern of transmitted electrons |
| Ultracentrifuges | a tool which carries out cell fractionation |
| Cell Fractionation | taking cells apart and separating the major organelles from one another |
| Prokaryotic Cell | a type of cell which has its DNA concentrated at the nucleoid, which is not surrounded by a membrane |
| Nucleoid | the area not enclosed by a membrane where the DNA is concentrated, in a prokaryotic cell |
| Eukaryotic Cell | a type of cell which has a true nucleus, and many organelles |
| Cytoplasm | the entire space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane |
| Plasma Membrane | the selective barrier which allows the sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell at the boundary of the cell |
| Flagellum | locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of membrane-enclosed microtubules |
| Centrosome | region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; in an animal cell, contains a pair of centrioles |
| Cytoskeleton | reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components made of protein (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) |
| Microvilli | projections that increase the cell's surface area |
| Peroxisome | organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide |
| Mitochindrion | organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is produced |
| Lysosome | digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed |
| Golgi Apparatus | organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products |
| Ribosomes | nonmembranous organelles that make proteins, free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER nuclear envelope |
| Chromatin | material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell |
| Nucleolus | nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli |
| Nuclear Envelope | double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores, contiguous with ER |
| Centrosome | region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; lacks centrioles in plant cells |
| Cell Wall | outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein |
| Plasmodesmata | channels through the cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
| Chloroplast | photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules |
| Central Vacuole | prominent organelle in older plant cells, functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth |
| Tonoplast | membrane enclosing the central vacuole |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough(ribosome-studded) and smooth regions |
| Vesicles | sacs made of membrane |
| Glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them |
| Transport Vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |
| Phagocytosis | the process of engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |
| Food Vacuoles | vacuoles which store food |
| Contractile Vacuoles | they pump out excess water due to osmosis |
| Cristae | infoldings of the inner membrane in mitochondria |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | the space in between the cristae |
| Thylakoids | membranous system in the form of interconnected sacs in chloroplast |
| Granum/ Grana | each stack in the choloroplast |
| Stroma | the fluid outside the thylakoids |
| Motor Proteins | the proteins required to interact with cytoskeleton for cell motility |
| Centrioles | composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring |
| Myosin | a protein which has thicker filaments that work with actin filaments |
| Pseudopodia | "false feet" in amoeba |
| Cytoplasmic Streaming | circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |
| Primary Cell Wall | the relatively thin and flexible cell wall first secreted by young plant cells |
| Middle Lamella | the substance in between the primary walls of adjacent cells |
| Secondary Cell Wall | the other cells add the secondary wall in between the plasma membrane and the primary wall |
| Amphipathic | having a hydrophilic section and a hydrophobic section |
| Integral Proteins | proteins which penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer |
| Peripheral Proteins | proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer, but are loosely bound to the surface |
| Glycoproteins | carbohydrates covalently bonded to protein |
| Glycolipid | carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipid |
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