Final Exam Review-Cardiovascular System: heart & blood vessels;Digestive System;Endocrine;Reproductive System;STD'S; Genetic Disorders
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cardiovascular disease | leading cause of death in western countries. (CVD) |
| hypertension (aka-silent killer) | elevated blood pressure, pa rticularly the diastolic pressure is 90 or greater; occurs when moves blood through arteries at higher pressure than normal. (not detected, can lead to heart attack, stroke or kidney failure.) |
| atherosclerosis (disorder) | Accumulation of plaque(fatty substances) in an artery wall; can lead to heart attack, stroke or kidney failure; aneurysm (caused by formation of lesions or atherosclerotic plaques which chokes off blood and oxygen supply to the tissues on inside of blood vessels; begins early adulthood/not appear until 50 or older) |
| CVD risk reduction | heart healthy diet, regular excercise, maintaining proper weight; not smoking |
| thrombus | blood clot that remains in the blood vessel where it formed. |
| embolus | moving blood clot that is carried through the bloodstream (more fatal) |
| thromboembolism | consists of clot first carried in the bloodstream, not treated life threatening complications (suprisingly infection originate with gum diseases or Helicobater pylori - bacterium that causes ulcers) |
| stroke (aka- cerebrovascular accident; CVA) | small cranial arteriole bursts or blocked by embolus due to the lack of oxygen; portion of brain die, paralysis or death can result (symptoms- numbness in hands or face, difficulty speaking or temporary blindness in one eye) |
| heart attack (aka- myocardial infarction; MI) | damage to the myocardium due to blocked circulation in the coronary arteries (portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen) |
| thrombus/embolus | What are the 2 types of clots? |
| angina pectoris | Medical term for chest pain. a condition characterized by thoracic pain resulting from occluded coronary arteries; precedes a heart attack (symptoms- pressure, squeezing or pain in chest which can extend to left arm, neck, jaw, shoulder or back; nausea, vomiting, anxiety, dizziness; shortness of breath) |
| aneurysm | Bursting of the blood vessel. (can replace the vessels) saclike expansion (ballooning) of a blood vessel wall most often the abdominal artery or arteries leading to brain; if major vessel aorta should burst, death is likely |
| t-PA (aka- tissue plasminogen activator) | biotechnology drug used to converts plasminogen, a protein found in blood, into plasmin, an enzyme that dissolves blood clots. |
| coronary bypass operation | therapy for blocked coronary arteries in which part of a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted around the obstructed artery |
| heart failure | Syndrome characterized by distinctive symptoms and signs resulting from disturbances in cardiac output or from increased pressure in the veins. (heart no longer pumps as it should; survivors are left with damaged hearts; to counter condition an implant a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) |
| beta blockers | action of drugs is to control hypertension |
| heart attack | heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen |
| diurectics | cause the kidneys to excrete more urine; ridding the body of excess fluid |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary promotes the reabsorption of water in the kidney. |
| angiogram | technique to detect where a clog or blocked artery is located (aka-coronary angiography) |
| angioplasty | tube inserted inton an artery of arm or leg then guided through a major blood vessel toward the heart; balloon attached to end of tube is inflated forcing the vessel open. (cure) |
| heartburn | acid reflux; cause or occurs when some of the stomach contents escape into the esophagus; i.e. vomitting;GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) more chronic condition |
| diarrhea | bacterial infection of the lower intestinal tract and nervous stimulation; second outbreak; physical symptoms are water not being reabsorbed, peristalsis if prolonged can lead to dehydration; (colitis- inflamation of the colon) |
| hemorrihoids | inflamation of the anus; caused by pregnancy, aging and intercourse |
| diverticulosis | occurence of little pouches of mucosa; have pushed through other layers of the tract forming pouches where food can collect. |
| Crohn's disease | chronic inflammatory (intestines) bowel disease; aka enteritis can result in diarrhea, dehydration, fatigue, and weight loss. |
| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine, especially the rectum and sigmoid colon. It usually strikes between the ages of 20 and 40. The cause is unknown, but heredity is one risk factor since the condition is particularly common among people of Jewish descent, is more common among whites in general than among other groups, and occurs in identical twins more often than in nontwin siblings. |
| polyps | small growths/fungus rising for epithelial lining; can be benign or cancerous and surgically removed |
| hepatitis b | inflammation of the liver; sexually transmitted, accidental needle, contaminated blood transfusion; drug abusers sharing needles (vaccine available) |
| cirrhosis | fatty liver; chronic irreversible injury to liver tissue caused by frequent alcohol consumption |
| simple goiter | lack of iodine in the diet; thyroid gland is unable to produce the thyroid hormones; thyroid enlarges (sizeable lump in throat) |
| congenital hypothyroidism | thyroid fails to develop; if developed during infancy or childhood they don't grow as others do, unless medical treatment is begun within the first two months, the body is short;stocky; mental retardation |
| exophthalmic goiter | excess fluid; hyperthyroidism an overactive thyroid gland; eye protrudes because of edema in eye socket tissues and swelling of the muscles that move the eyes |
| adrenial gland | glucose and mineral are the two types of corticord produced |
| hormones | regulates action; chemicals that are secreted into the blood by endocrine glands |
| Addison's disease | low glucocorticords; deficiency of the adrenal cortex hormones; ineffective ACTH causes bronzing of the skin; low blood pressure, severe dehydration, if untreated can lead to death |
| Cushing syndrome | excess glucocorticords; over secretion of calcium ions; "moon" face and obese trunk (arms/legs), increased blood pressure; weight gain |
| .... | maintain blood insulin level |
| islets of Langerhans | name of the endocrine tissue |
| diabetes melitus type | two types are 1/2 |
| diabetes type 1 | found in children; pancreas not producing insulin;results in blurred vision, kidney failure, skin sores don't heal, dental, nerve destruction, heart attack; stroke |
| diabetes type 2 | obese patients; most common form; glucose increases and cells don't respond to insulin; treatable with diet and exercise |
| endometriosis | uterine tissue outside the uterus abnormally (complication-backward menstrual flow) cells from the uterine lining have entered the abdominal cavity, and have become attached to reproductive or other organs, swell due to hormonal stimulation, causing pain, discomfort, intestinal blockage, or infertility. Treatment is hormone therapy estrogen, progesterone; surgery |
| GRNH | women of normal weight, fat cells produce a hormone called leptin that stimulates the hypothalamus to release |
| genital warts | caused by the human papillomaviruses (HPVs); flat lesions shaped like a cauliflower; most common STD and most people don't even know they have it; prevented by using condoms; left untreated can cause cervical cancer in women; can be removed,eventhough they may recur, by freezing |
| herpes | two types and type 1 simple virus (above waist cold sores/fever blisters) /type 2 genital below waist (genitals);modes of transmission- kissing, touching, sexual intercourse, symptoms painful ulcers, itching, tingling, pain urinating,swollen lymph nodes in the groin; in women copious discharge; herpes in the birth canal can cause infection to the newborn; may heal in 2 wks or less than 5 dys |
| hepatits A-G | six known viruses; can lead to liver, cancer; death |
| hepatitis E | acquired from contaminated water |
| hepatitis A,B,D;G | Sexually transmitted; |
| chlamydia | sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis; men experience mild burning when urinating; mucoid discharge; women green vaginal discharge along with UTI; increase risk of acquiring HIV, pelvic inflammatory; childbirth -newborn inflammation of eyes or pneumonia |
| gonorrhea | sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria; syptoms in men pain upon urination, thick greenish yellow discharge, PID, swollen testicles; women mild or no symptoms, PID, discharge, bleeding between periods |
| syphilis | sexually transmitted disease (oral, anal) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum; 3 stages; first chancre sore heals 3 to 6wks; second skin rash (doesn't itch) and mucous lesions, fever, sore throat, headaches, patchy loss of hair; weight loss; without treatment infection will progress to latent stage; 3rd, late or latent stage can last for years in the body with no symptoms until 10-20yrs appear with damage to internal organs, including brain, nerves (nervous system), eyes, heart (aneurysm aorta), blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints, such as paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, dementia; or death |
| vaginitis | vaginal infection or inflammation causes overgrowth; bacteriol vaginosis (BV) |
| yeast infection | basic; fungus;Candida albicans growth increases above normal; women taking birth control and antibiotics are prone to this infection; thick, white, curdlike discharge; itching of vulva or vagina; treatment antifungal medications |
| white blood cells | leukocytes; five different types/functions they are neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte |
| neutrophil | most common type;has multilobed nucleus; incredibly short life spans about 12 hours, destroys of debris and pathogens (battle infection); deficiency can be life threatening |
| lymphocyte | next most common type; smallest of wbc with spherical or slightly indented nucleus, play a huge part in the body's immune system; create and release antibodies and to protect the body from cancer cells |
| eosinophil | involved in the body's response to inflammation |
| basophil | The type of white blood cell that is often the first to arrive at the site of infection is a granulocyte, and the member of this group that stains light purple; play a role in releasing histamine during a response to inflammation |
| monocyte | The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages; patrol the body looking for pathogens and debris to clean up |
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