Microbiology Ch 3 - 2012
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Electron Transport Chain | Found within the cytoplasmic membrane and is responsible for pushing out protons to make a gradient to MOVE things in and out of cell using the "proton motive force" |
| Channels | can be gated but not always. These are the PORES in a membrane that is very small allowing only specific ions to pass through. |
| Scanning Electron Microscope - SEM | The three-dimensional image of the bacterium was created by scanning a beam of electrons back and forth over its surface to enlarge the image 100,000 times. |
| Granules | usually used for storage and are created from the nutrients that a cell typically has an excess of - these areas do NOT stain in most cases. |
| Group Translocation | When a molecule is moved through the cell membrane it is CHEMICALLY Modified. |
| Biofilm | a multicellular association - different activities can be carried out as a big group of organisms in an area for example the plaque on your teeth or the algae growing on a rock. |
| Thin sectioning, freeze fracturing or etching | necessary steps taken to prepare a a specimen for view with the use of a transmission electron microscope - TEM - because the electrons pass through the thin specimen to generate an image up to 100,000 times larger. |
| Active Transport | Energy consuming process by which molecules are carried across cell boundaries; can accumulate compounds against a concentration gradient |
| Secretion | (in a cell or gland) the act or process of separating, elaborating, and releasing a substance that fulfills some function within the organism or undergoes excretion |
| Aerotaxis | movement towards or away from molecular OXYGEN |
| Endospores | a kind of "resting cell", characteristic of a limited number of bacterial species; highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants |
| Gram Stain | technique that divides bacteria into positive or negative on the basis of color; correlates well with cell wall structure when staining bacteria |
| Mitochondria | organelle in EUKARYOTIC cells which the majority of ATP synthesis occurs |
| Passive Transport | means of transporting a substance across a cell membrane by DIFFUSION; expenditure of energy is NOT required |
| Peptidoglycan | macromolecule found only in bacteria that provides rigidity to the bacterial cell wall. The basic structure is an alternating series of two major subunits: NAM and NAG; chains of these subunits are cross linked by peptide chains |
| Phagocytosis | process by which certain cells INGEST particulate matter by surrounding and enveloping those materials, bringing them into the cell in a membrane bound vesicle |
| Ribosomes | structure that facilitates the joining of amino acids during the process of translation; composed of protein of ribosomal RNA; structure intimately involved in protein synthesis |
| Coccus | Round shape |
| Bacillus | Rod shape |
| Spirochete | Spiral shape |
| Golgi Apparatus | packaging organelle - place for packaging proteins and lipids before they proceed to their destination |
| Chromosome | an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells |
| Staph | When bacteria looks like a bunch of grapes. Describes the arrangement of bacteria. A cluster. |
| Strep | Describes the bacterial arrangement - looks like a chain, all linked together, in a line |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | the intercellular highway (transport system organelle inside cell) |
| Cytoskeleton | cellular "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm and is made of protein |
| Pili | hairlike appendages found on the surface of bacteria (but not cilia) |
| Objective Lens | located on the "nose" of a microscope - used to magnify the object |
| Ocular Lens | another name for the "eyepiece" on a microscope, used to magnify the object |
| Penicillin | antibiotic found by Alexander Fleming around WWII |
| Lysozyme | shaped like a crystal |
| Cilia | short, hair-like organelles used for MOVEMENT, similar to flagella |
| Capsule | gelatinous substance around a microbe; makes them slippery and hard to attack |
| Resolving Power | the power to clearly separate things when looking at them through a microscope |
| Bright-Field | most common microscopes that illuminate the field of view evenly |
| Chloroplasts | organelles that harvest energy from the SUN; use it for photosynthesis, found in plant cells |
| Carriers | protein that transports certain compounds across the membrane or human or animal that "harbors a pathogen" ~ little helpers |
| Simple Diffusion | movement of molecules or ions from region of HIGH to LOW concentration |
| Chemotaxis | movement because of CHEMICALS |
| Magnetotaxis | movement because of magnetic energy |
| Phototaxis | movement because of PHOTO/Light. Taxi = car = movement |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | describes the cytoplasmic membrane which has a variety of different protein in a double-fat layer; two layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane |
| Gas Vesicle | provides buoyancy to aquatic cells, hallow structure made of protein in the form of a cylindrical tube closed by conical end caps; allows aquatic microbes to float near the surface and get light for energy |
| Flagellum | a long, whip-like appendage that help single celled organisms move; a long tail-like structure that helps a bacterium move about |
| Group Translocation | chemically modifying a molecule as it passes through the cytoplasmic membrane |
| Nucleus | found in EUKARYOTIC cells, spherical object, often found in middle of the cell, containing the DNA |
| Pinocytosis | transportation of a FLUID into a cell using local infoldings in the membrane, so small that a tiny vesicle forms around each droplet of liquid |
| Plasmid | segment of DNA NOT connected to the chromosomes and capable of replicating in bacteria and yeast |
| Teichoic Acids | bacterial polysaccharides of glycerol and phosphate or ribotal phosphate linked via phosphodiester bonds |
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