THE ULTIMATE STUDY FOR MORZENTI CHAPTER 20
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Created by:
IBrain on November 23, 2010
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Description:
This is the ULTIMATE STUDY for Morzenti's Chapter 20 test (Nov. 30 - Dec. 2). This test, as it will be in a different format, will therefore cause this study to be in a different format. This format will be closely similar to the first created ULTIMATE STUDY. If using the Quizlet methods: Write (see more)
Classes:
2014 IB Quizlet Sharing PHUHS, PHUHS IB class of '13
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463 terms
Galician | English |
|---|---|
| Voyages of Columbus |  This prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the Americas. |
| Christopher Columbus | Competition for wealth in Asia among European nations was fierce prompting a Genoese sea captain named ________ to make a daring voyage from Spain in 1492. |
| Christopher Columbus | Instead of sailing south around Africa and the east, ________ sailed west across the Atlantic in search of an alternate trade route to Asia and its riches. |
| Christopher Columbus | _______ never reached Asia. Instead, _______ stepped onto an island in the Caribbean. That event would bring together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. |
| Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria | The ___1___, ____2___, and ___3____ sailed out of a Spanish port around dawn on August 3, 1492. In a matter of month, Columbus's fleet would reach the shores of what Europeans saw as an astonishing new world. |
| Pinta | The ship of Columbus's fleet in which a lookout first spotted a shoreline in the distance in the early hours of October 12, 1492. |
| Lookout | The name of the person's job that first spotted new land while aboard on the Pinta and shouted "Tierra! Tierra!" (Land! Land!). |
| Christopher Columbus | Reached the new world on August 3, 1492 thinking he had successfully reached the East Indies, _________ called the surprised inhabitants who greeted him, los indios. |
| Los Indios | The name given to the surprised inhabitants that greeted Columbus by him mistakenly thinking he had reached the East Indies. |
| Los Indios | The term translated into "Indian," a word mistakenly applied to all the native peoples of the Americas. |
| East Indies | The location Christopher Columbus had thought he had reached. |
| Bahamas | The location where Christopher Columbus really had reached. |
| Christopher Columbus | He miscalculated where he was. |
| Christopher Columbus | He did not reach the East Indies but an island in the Bahamas in the Caribbean Sea. |
| Taino | The natives of the Bahamas that Christopher Columbus thought were Indians. |
| Christopher Columbus | _______ claimed the island for Spain. He named it San Salvador, or "Holy Savior." |
| San Salvador | Also known as "Holy Savior," this name was given to the island that Christopher Columbus claimed for Spain. |
| Gold | What many explorers like Christopher Columbus were interested in finding. |
| Christopher Columbus | Found no gold on San Salvador and therefore explored other islands staking his claim to each one. |
| Christopher Columbus | He wrote: "It was my wish to bypass no island without taking possession." |
| Christopher Columbus | He returned from his exploration in early 1493 with reports of his journey that delighted the Spanish monarchs. |
| Spanish Rulers | They funded Christopher Columbus' journey and agreed to finance three more trips. |
| Christopher Columbus | ________ embarked on a second voyage to the Americas in September of 1493. |
| Christopher Columbus | ________ journeyed no longer as an explorer, but as an empire builder. |
| Christopher Columbus | ________ commanded a fleet of some 17 ships that carried over 1,000 soldiers, crewman, and colonists. |
| Colonies | The Spanish intended to transform the islands of the Caribbean into _________, or lands that are controlled by another nation. |
| European Explorers | Over the next two centuries, other _________ __________ began sailing across the Atlantic in search of new lands to claim. |
| Pedro Alvares Cabral | In 1500, the Portuguese explorer ___________________ reached the shores of modern-day Brazil and claimed the land for his country. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | A year later after Cabral, ____________, an Italian in the service of Portugal, also traveled along the eastern coast of South America. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Upon his return to Europe, ____________ claimed the land was not part of Asia, but a "new" world. |
| German Mapmaker | In 1507, a _________________ named the new continent "America" in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | In 1519, Portuguese explorer _________________ led the boldest exploration yet. |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Several years earlier, Spanish explorer __________ had marched through modern-day Panama and had become the first European to gaze upon the Pacific Ocean. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Soon after Nunez, _____________ convinced the king of Spain to fund his voyage into the newly discovered Pacific Ocean. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | With about 250 men and five ships, __________ sailed around the southern end of South America and into the waters of the Pacific. The fleet sailed for months without seeing land, except some small islands. Food supplies soon ran out. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | After exploring the island of Guam, ____________ and his crew eventually reached the Philippians. Unfortunately, _____________ became involved in a local war there and was killed. |
| Philippines | The ________________ is the location where Ferdinand Magellan became killed. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | ________________'s crew, greatly reduced by disease and starvation, continued sailing west toward home. |
| Spain | Out of Magellan's original crew, only 18 men and one ship arrived back in _______ in 1522, nearly three years after they had left. |
| Crew | Magellan's ______ were the first persons to circumnavigate, or sail, around the world. |
| Circumnavigate | To travel (such as by sail) around the world. |
| Hernando Cortes | In 1519, as Magellan embarked on his historic voyage, a Spaniard named _____________ landed on the shores of Mexico. |
| Spanish | After colonizing several Caribbean islands, the ____________ had turned their attention to the American mainland. |
| Hernando Cortes | ______________ marched inland, looking to claim new lands for Spain. |
| Conquistadors | Cortes and the many other Spanish explorers who followed him were known as ____________. |
| Conquistadors | (Conquerors) Lured by rumors of vast lands filled with gold and silver, _____________ carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America, and the United States. |
| Spanish | The ___________ were the first European settlers in the Americas. |
| Spanish | As a result of their colonization, the _________ greatly enriched their empire and left a mark on the cultures of North and South America that exists today. |
| Aztec | Soon after landing in Mexico, Cortes learned of the vast and wealthy __________ Empire in the region's interior. |
| Hernando Cortes | After marching for weeks through difficult mountain passes, __________ and his force of roughly 600 men finally reached the magnificent Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. |
| Tenochtitlan | The Aztec capital reached by Cortes. |
| Montezuma II | The Aztec emperor that was convinced at first that Cortes was a god wearing armor. |
| Montezuma II | Agreed to give the Spanish explorer Cortes a share of the Aztec's Empire gold supply. |
| Hernando Cortes | The conquistador that was not satisfied at Montezuma II's share of the Aztec gold supply. |
| Hernando Cortes | ___________ admitted that he and his comrades had a "disease of the heart that only gold can cure." |
| Religious Festival | In the late spring of 1520, some Cortes's men killed many Aztec warriors and chiefs while they were celebrating a ________ ________. |
| Hernando Cortes | In June of 1520, the Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish intruders and drove out __________'s forces. |
| Spaniards | The __________ struck back at the rebelling Aztecs. |
| Hernando Cortes | Despite being greatly outnumbered, __________ and his men conquered the Aztecs in 1521. |
| Weaponry | Two advantages for the Spanish victory against the Aztecs: The had superior ___________. Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniards' muskets and cannons. |
| Muskets Cannons | Two advantages for the Spanish victory against the Aztecs: The had superior Weaponry. Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniards' ____1____ and ____2____. |
| Hernando Cortes | He was able to enlist into the help of various native groups to defeat the Aztecs. |
| Malinche | With the aid of a native woman translator named __________, Cortes learned that some natives resented the Aztecs. |
| Human Sacrifice | The native groups hated the Aztec's harsh practices, including _______ _______. |
| Malinche | Through _________, Cortes convinced the natives to fight on his side. |
| Disease | The natives could do little to stop the invisible warrior that marched alongside the Spaniards - ________. |
| Measles Mumps Small Pox Typhus | _____1_____, _____2_____, _____3_____, and _____4_____ were just some of the diseases Europeans were to bring with them to the Americas. |
| Native Americans | ________ _________ had never been exposed to the diseases brought by the Europeans to the Americas. |
| Immunity | Native Americans never developed a natural ___________ to the diseases brought by the Europeans to the Americas. |
| Native Americans | They died by the hundreds of thousands due to disease. |
| Aztec | By the time Cortes launched his counterattack, the _________ population had been greatly reduced by smallpox and measles. |
| Disease | In time, European _________ would truly devastate the natives of central Mexico, killing millions of them. |
| Francisco Pizarro | In 1532, another conquistador, _____________, marched a small force into South America. |
| Francisco Pizarro | ____________ conquered the Incan Empire. |
| Atahualpa | Pizarro and his army of about 200 met the Incan ruler, _________, near the city of Cajamarca. |
| Cajamarca | Pizarro and his army of about 200 met the Incan ruler, Atahualpa, near the city of ___________. |
| Atahualpa | Commanded a force of about 30,000 and brought several thousand of unarmed men for a meeting with Pizarro. |
| Atahualpa | The Spaniards waited in ambush, crushed the Incan force, and kidnapped __________. |
| Atahualpa | ___________ offered the Spaniards to fill a room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his release. |
| Atahualpa | After receiving the ransom, the Spanish strangled the Incan king, __________. |
| Cajamarca | Demoralized by their leader's death, the remaining Incan force retreated from ______________. |
| Cuzco | Pizarro then marched on the Incan capital, __________. |
| Cuzco | Fransisco Pizarro captured _________ without a struggle in 1533. |
| Hernando Cortes Fransisco Pizarro | As ____1____ and _____2______ conquered the civilizations in the Americas, fellow conquistadors defeated other native peoples. |
| Maya | Spanish explorers also conquered the __________ in Yucatan and Guatemala. |
| Spain | By the end of the 16th century, ________ had created an American empire. |
| New Spain | The American empire included _____________ (Mexico and parts Guatemala), as well as other lands in Central and South America and the Caribbean. |
| Reconquista | In building their new American empire, the Spaniards drew from techniques used during the ___________ of Spain. |
| Muslims | When conquering the __________, the Spanish lived among them and imposed their culture upon them. |
| Peninsulares | The Spanish settlers to the Americas, known as ___________, were mostly men. |
| Women | As a result to the peninsulares, relationships between Spanish settlers and native _________ were common. |
| Mestizo | The relationships created a large _______ - or mixed Spanish and Native American - population. |
| Conquerors | Although Spanish ___________ lived among the native people, they also oppressed them. |
| Encomienda | In their effort to exploit the land for its precious resources, the Spanish forced Native Americans to work within a system known as ____________. |
| Encomienda | Under this system, natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords. |
| Landlords | These Spanish __________ had received the rights to the natives' labor from Spanish authorities. |
| Encomiendas | The holders of _____________ promised the Spanish rulers that they would act fairly and respect the native workers. |
| Landlords | Many abused the natives and worked many laborers to death, especially inside dangerous mines. |
| Brazil | One area outside of South America that remained outside of Spanish control was ________. |
| Pedro Alvaras Cabral | Claimed Brazil for Portugal. |
| Colonists | During the 1530s, colonists began settling Brazil's coastal region. |
| Sugar | Finding little gold or silver in Brazil, the settlers began growing sugar. |
| Sugar Plantations | Clearing out huge swaths of forest lands, the Portuguese built giant ________ ________. |
| Sugar | The demand for __________ in Europe was great and therefore the Brazilian colony soon enriched Portugal. |
| Sugar | In time, the colonists pushed farther west into Brazil. They settled even more land for the production of _________. |
| Francisco Pizarro | Was the son of an infantry captain and parents never married. Raised by mother's poor family, never learning how to read. |
| Fransisco Pizarro | (1475 -1541) Ambitious, brave, and ruthless, he determined to make his fortune as an explorer and conqueror. |
| Fransisco Pizarro | Embarked on a voyage of conquest down the west coast of South America, __________ was ordered by the governor of Panama to abandon the expedition to prevent the loss of lives. ___________ took his sword and drew a line in the dust, inviting those of his followers who desired wealth and fame to cross thee line and follow him. Thus began the conquest of Peru. |
| Fransisco Pizarro | ________founded thee city of Lima, Peru's capital, in 1535. He became the governor of Peru and encouraged settlers from Spain. |
| Atahualpa | _________ was the last ruler of the Incan empire in Peru. |
| Atahualpa | After _________ was captured and held for ransom by the Spanish, the Incan people throughout the empire brought gold and silver that the Spanish then had melted down into bullion and ingots. |
| Ransom | The Spanish accumulated 24 tons of gold and silver, the richest _________ in history. |
| Atahualpa | The Spanish executed __________ despite the ransom paid by his people. |
| Atahualpa | As he was about to be burned at the stake, the Spanish offered him a more merciful death by strangulation if he agreed to convert to Christianity, which he did. Thus died the last emperor of the Inca. |
| Spain | _________'s American colonies helped make it the richest, most powerful nation in the world during much of the 16th century. |
| Ships | _________ filled with treasures from the Americas continually sailed into Spanish harbors. |
| Spain | The new found wealth helped usher in a gold of art and culture in _______. |
| Spain | Throughout the 16th century, ________ also increased its military might. |
| Navy | To protect its treasure filled ships, Spain built a powerful ________. |
| Army | The Spanish also strengthened their other military forces, creating a skillful and determined ________. |
| Army | For a century and a half, Spain's ______ seldom lost a battle. |
| United States | Meanwhile, Spain enlarged its American empire by settling in parts of what is now the ________ ________. |
| Southwestern | Dreams of new conquests prompted Spain to back a series of expeditions into the _____________ United States. |
| United States | The Spanish actually had settled in parts of the _______ _______ before they even dreamed of building an empire on the American mainland. |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | In 1513, Spanish explorer _________________ landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain. |
| Mexico Peru | By 1540, after building an empire that stretched from _____1_____ to ______2______, the Spanish once again looked to the land that is now the United States. |
| Fransisco Vasquez de Coronado | In 1540-1541, ______________________ led an expedition throughout much of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. ___________ was searching for another wealthy empire to conquer. |
| Fransisco Vasquez de Coronado | ______________ found little gold amidst the dry deserts of the Southwest. |
| Priests | As a result of finding little gold, Spanish monarchy assigned mostly ________ to explore and colonize the future United States. |
| Catholic Priests | ________ _________ had accompanied conquistadors from the very beginning of American colonization, not in search of gold, but in search of converts. |
| Pedro de Peralta | In the winter of 1609, ___________, governor of Spain's northern holdings called New Mexico, led settlers to a tributary on the upper Rio Grande. |
| Sante Fe | Capital of New Mexico also known as "Holy Faith." |
| Pueblo | In the next two decades, a string of Christian missions arose among the ________, the native inhabitants of the New Mexico region. |
| New Mexico | Scattered missions, forts, and small ranches dotted the lands of ____________. These became the headquarters for the advancing Catholic religion. |
| Priests | Spanish _________ worked to spread Christianity in the Americas and also pushed for better treatment of Native Americans. |
| Priests | ________ spoke out against the cruel treatment of natives. |
| Priests | ________ criticized the harsh pattern of labor that emerged under the encomienda system. |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | A Dominican monk that wrote, "There is nothing more detestable or more cruel than the tyranny which the Spaniards use toward the Indians for the getting of pearl [riches]." |
| Encomieda | The Spanish government abolished the _______ system in 1542. |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | _______ suggested Africans to meet the colonies' need for labor and said, "The labor of one . . . [African] . . . [is] more valuable than that of four Indians." The priest later changed his view and denounced African slavery. |
| Natives | Opposition to the Spanish method of colonization came not only from Spanish priests, but also from the ________ themselves. |
| Domination | Resistance to Spain's attempt at _________ began shortly after the Spanish arrived in the Caribbean. |
| Christopher Columbus | In November of 1493, _________ encountered resistance in his attempt to conquer the present-day island of St. Croix. |
| St. Croix | In November of 1493, Christopher Columbus encountered resistance in his attempt to conquer the present-day island of ____________. |
| St. Croix | Before finally surrendering to Columbus, the inhabitants of _________ defended themselves by firing poison arrows. |
| New Mexico | As late as the end of the 17th century, natives in _______ fought Spanish rule. |
| Silver | Although they were not risking their lives in ________ mines, the natives still felt the weight of Spanish force. |
| Christianity | In converting the natives to _______, Spanish priests and soldiers burned their sacred objects and prohibited native rituals. |
| Natives | The Spanish also forced _______ to work for them and sometimes abused them physically. |
| Pope | In 1680, _________, a Pueblo ruler, led a well-organized rebellion against the Spanish. |
| New Mexico | The rebellion of 1680 involved more than 8,000 warriors from villages all over ________. |
| New Spain | The native fighters of New Mexico drove the Spanish back into __________ in 1680. |
| Southwest | For the next 12 years, until the Spanish regained control of the area, the ________ region of the United States once again belonged to its original inhabitants. |
| Europe America | The rulers of Spain had far greater concerns. The other nations of ___1____ had begun to establish their own colonies in ___2____. |
| Spain | _________'s successful colonization efforts in the Americas did not go unnoticed. Other European nations, such as England, France, and the Netherlands, soon became interested in obtaining their own valuable colonies. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | The ________, signed in 1494, had divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | __________'s voyage showed that ships could easily reach Asia by way of the Pacific Ocean. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Other European countries ignored the ________ setting out to build their own empirtes in the Americas. This resulted in a struggle for North America. |
| Spain | ________ claimed the route around the southern tip of South America. |
| Pacific | Other European countries hoped to find a more direct route to the ________. |
| North America | If it existed, a northwest trade route through _________ to Asia would become highly profitable. |
| French English Dutch | Not finding their desired northwest trade route to Asia, the ____1____, ____2____, and ____3____ instead established colonies in North America. |
| French | The early ________ explorers sailed west with dreams of reaching the East indies. |
| Giovanni da Verrazzano | An Italian explorer in the service of France. |
| Giovanni da Verrazzano | ____________ in 1524 sailed to North America in search of a sea route to the Pacific. |
| New York | While he did not find the route, Verrazzano did discover what is today _______ harbor. |
| Giovanni da Verrazzano | Discovered New York harbor. |
| Jacques Cartier | Ten years later, the Frenchman ________ reached a gulf off the eastern coast of Canada that led into a broad river. |
| St. Lawrence | Cartier named a river leading into Canada the ________. |
| Jacques Cartier | Named the St. Lawrence river. |
| Jacques Cartier | Followed the St. Lawrence river until reaching a large island dominated by a mountain. |
| Mont Real | Cartier named the mountaijn he discovered _________ (Mount Royal), which later became known as Montreal. |
| Jacques Cartier | Discovered and named Mont Real. |
| Samuel de Champlain | In 1608, another French explorer, __________, sailed up the St. Lawrence with about 32 colonists. |
| Samuel de Champlain | ________ founded Quebec, which became the base of France's colonial empire in North America, known as New France. |
| New France | (Quebec), the base of France's colonial empire in North America. |
| New France | Then after finding __________, the French penetrated the North American continent. |
| Jacques Marquette Louis Jo | In 1673, French Jesuit priest ____1____, and trader ____2____ explored the Great Lakes and the upper |
| Sieur de La Salle | Ten years after Marquette and Joliet, __________ explored the lower Mississippi. |
| Sieur de La Salle | Claimed the entire Mississippi valley for France. |
| Sieur de La Salle | Named the land he claimed Louisiana. |
| Louisiana | The land claimed by Sier de La Salle and named in honor of the French king Louis XIV. |
| New France | By the early 1700s, _______ covered much of what is now the mid-western united States and eastern Canada. |
| French | A large number of _________ colonists had no desire to build towns or raise families. |
| Catholic Priests | The French settlers included _______ ________ who sought to convert Native Americans. |
| Fur Trade | The French settlers also included young, single men engaged in what had become New France's main economic activity, the ___________. |
| English | Unlike the __________, the French were less interested in occupying territories than they were in making money off the land. |
| English | The explorations of the Spanish and French inspired the ________. |
| King James | In 1606, a company of London investors received from _________ a charter to found a colony in North America. |
| English | in late 1606, the company's three ships, and more than 100 settlers, pushed out of an _______ harbor. |
| Virginia | About four month after departing, the English ships in 1607 reached the coast of ________. |
| English | The ________ colonists claimed the Virginia land as theirs. |
| Jamestown | The English colonist named their settlement ___________ in honor of their king. |
| Jamestown | The English colony's start at _________ was disastrous. |
| Gold | The original settlers at Jamestown were more interested in finding ______ than planting crops. |
| Seven | During the first few years at Jamestown, _______ out of every ten people died of hunger, disease, or battles with the Native Americans. |
| English | Despite their nightmarish start, the ________ colonists eventually gained a foothold of their new land. |
| Jamestown | ________ became England's first permanent settlement in North America. |
| Tobacco | The English colony's outlook improved greatly after farmers discovered ________. |
| Tobacco | High demand in England for ________ turned it into a profitable cash crop. |
| Pilgrims | In 1620, a group known as _________ founded a second English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts. |
| Plymouth | The city founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. |
| Pilgrims | Persecuted for their religious beliefs in England, these colonists sought religious freedom. |
| Puritans | Ten years after the Pilgrims, a group known as _________ also sought freedom from England's Anglican church. |
| Puritans | Established a larger colony at nearby Massachusetts Bay. |
| Henry Hudson | Arrived by ship in the bay of New York on September 12, 1609. |
| France | ________'s North American empire was immense. But it was also sparsely populated. |
| New France | By 1760, the European population of ___________ had grown to only about 65,000. |
| Puritans | The __________ wanted to build a model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow. |
| Jamestown | Although the Puritan colony experienced early difficulties, it gradually took hold. This was due in large part to the numerous families in the colony, unlike the most single, male population in ___________. |
| Dutch | Following the English and French into North America were the _______. |
| Henry Hudson | In 1609, __________, an Englishman in the service of the Netherlands, sailed west. |
| Henry Hudson | Was searching for a northwest sea route to Asia in 1609 but did not find it. |
| Hudson | He did, however, explore three waterways that were later named after him - the _________ River, ________ Bay, and _________ Strait. |
| Dutch | The ________ claimed the regions along the (Hudson) waterways. |
| Iroquois | The Dutch established a fur trade with the __________ Indians. |
| Fort Orange | The Dutch built trading posts along the Hudson River at ___________ (now Albany) and on Manhattan Island. |
| Dutch West India Company | Dutch merchants formed the ___________________________. |
| Dutch West India Company | In 1621, the Dutch government granted the ____________________ permission to colonize the region and expand the fur trade. |
| New Netherlands | The Dutch holding in North America became known as _______________. |
| Fur Trade | Although the Dutch company profited from its __________, it was slow to attract Dutch colonists. |
| Settlers | To encourage _____________, the Dutch colony opened its doors to a variety of peoples. |
| Dutch | As a result of opening doors to a variety of people, more _________, as well as Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other Europeans, settled the area. |
| Caribbean | In addition to North, South, and Central America, during the 1600s, the nations of Europe also colonized the _____________. |
| French | The __________ seized control of present-day Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. |
| English | The __________ settled Barbados and Jamaica. |
| Dutch | In 1634, the _______ captured what are now the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba from Spain. |
| Cotton Sugar | On these islands, the Europeans built large ____1____ and ____2____ plantations. |
| Enslaved Africans | These products (sugar, cotton), although profitable, demanded a large and steady supply of labor. __________ __________ eventually would supply this labor. |
| Colonial Supremacy | As they expanded their settlements in North America, the nations of France, England, and the Netherlands battled each other for ________ ________. |
| English | To the _________, New Netherlands separated their northern and southern colonies. |
| Charles II | In 1644, the English king, _________, granted his brother, the Duke of York, permission to drive out the Dutch. |
| Duke of York | When the _______________'s fleet arrived at New Netherlands, the Dutch surrendered without firing a shot. |
| Duke of York | The _____________ claimed the colony for England and renamed it New York. |
| Atlantic | With the Dutch gone, the English colonized the __________ coast of North America. |
| Maine Georgia | By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers lived in 13 colonies from ____1____ to _____2_____. |
| Land | The English soon became hungry for more ______ for their colonial population. They therefore pushed farther west into the continent. |
| France | By pushing farther west, the English collided with _________'s North American holdings. |
| France England | As their colonies expanded, ___1___ and ___2___ began to interfere with each other. It seemed that a major conflict was on the horizon. |
| Privateers | Acting on behalf of their government, privately owned ships, known as _________, attacked merchant ships of enemy nations and sank or robbed them. |
| Pirates | They would attack any ship for their valuables not caring what nation the vessels represented. |
| Edwards B. Teach | One of the best known pirates whose prominent beard earned him the nickname Blackbeard. |
| Blackbeard | Pirate attempted to scare victim by placing a lighten match underneath his hat. |
| Ohio Valley | In 1794 a dispute over land claims in the ____________ led to a war between the British and French on the North American continent. |
| French and Indian War | The ___________________ was a conflict over North American land between France and England. |
| Seven Year's War | The French and Indian War became part of a larger conflict known as the _____________. |
| Europe West Indies India | Britain and France, along with their European allies, also battled for supremacy in ____1____, the ____2____, and ___3___. |
| Army | In North America, the British colonists, with the help of the British ________, defeated the French in 1763 |
| French | The ________ surrendered their North American holdings. |
| British | As a result of the war, the _________ seized control of the eastern half of North America. |
| Native Americans | As in Mexico and South America, the arrival of Europeans in present-day United States had a great impact on ____________. |
| Colonization | European ____________ brought mostly disaster for the land's original inhabitants. |
| French Dutch | _____1_____ and _____2_____ settlers developed a mostly cooperative relationship the Native Americans. |
| Fur Trade | The French and Dutch developed cooperative relationships with the Native Americans mostly due to the __________. |
| Trapping | Native Americans did most of the _________ and then traded the furs to the French for items such as guns, hatchets, mirrors, and beads. |
| Fur-Trading | The Dutch also cooperated with the Native Americans in order to establish a _________ enterprise. |
| Land Trading | The groups did not live together with complete harmony. The Dutch settlers fought with various Native American groups over ___1___ claims and ___2___ rights. |
| Native American | For the most part, however, the French and Dutch colonists lived together peacefully with their ________________ hosts. |
| Land Religion | Early relations between English settlers and Native Americans were cooperative, however, unlike with the French and Dutch, quickly worsened over the issues of ____1____ and _____2_____. |
| English | Unlike the French and Dutch, the _________ sought to populate their colonies in North America. |
| Tobacco | Due to want to populate their colonies, the English pushed natives off their land. They seized more land for their population - and to grow ____________. |
| Religious | __________ differences also heightened tensions between the English and Native Americans. |
| Heathens | The English settlers considered Native Americans __________, people without faith. |
| Puritans | Over time, many _________ viewed the Native Americans as agents of the devil and as a threat to their godly society. Native Americans developed a similarly harsh view of the European invaders. |
| Warfare | The hostility between the English settlers and Native Americans led to __________. |
| Powhatan | As early as 1622, a __________ tribe attacked colonial villages around Jamestown and killed about 350 settlers. |
| Powhatan | After they killed 350 settlers in 1622, colonists struck back over the next few years and massacred hundreds of __________. |
| King Phillip's War | One of the bloodiest conflicts between colonists and Native Americans was known as ________________. |
| Metacom | King Philip's War began in 1675 when the Native American ruler ___________ (also known as King Philip) led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts. |
| Natives | In the months that followed, both sides massacred hundreds of victims. After a year of fierce fighting, the colonists defeated the natives. |
| North America | During the 17th century, many skirmishes between the colonists and natives erupted throughout ______________. |
| Diseases | More destructive than the Europeans' weapons were their __________. |
| Diseases | Like the Spanish in Central and South America, the Europeans who settled North America brought with them several __________. |
| Diseases | The _________ devastated the native population in North America. |
| Smallpox | In 1616, for example, an epidemic of _________ ravaged Native Americans living along the New England coast. |
| Massachusett | The population of one tribe, the _____________, dropped from 24,000 to 750 by 1631. |
| South Carolina Missouri | From _____1_____ to _____2_____, nearly whole tribes fell to smallpox, measles, and other diseases. |
| Labor | One of the effects of the loss of Indians was a severe shortage of _________ in the colonies. |
| Africans | In order to meet their growing labor needs, European colonists soon turned to another group: __________, whom they would enslave by the million. |
| Samuel Eliot Morison | A strong supporter of Columbus that lamented that the sea captain died without realizing the true greatness of his deeds. |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | An early Spanish missionary who watched fellow Spaniards unleash attack dogs on Native Americans. |
| Susan Shown Harjo | A Native American that disputes the benefits that resulted from Columbus's voyages and the European colonization of the Americas that followed. |
| Workers | Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required a large amount of ____________ to make them profitable for their owners. |
| Native Americans | European owners had originally planned to use ________________ as a source of cheap labor. |
| Native Americans | Millions of _______________ died from disease, warfare, or brutal treatment. |
| Africa | The Europeans in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America soon turned to ____________ for workers. |
| Slave Trade | The demand for cheap labor resulted in the brutalities of the _____ _____. |
| Africans | Beginning around 1500, European colonists in the Americas who needed cheap labor began using enslaved __________ on plantations and farms. |
| Slavery | ____________ had existed in Africa for centuries and was brought to the Americas. In most regions of Africa, it was a relatively minor institution. |
| Islam | The spread of _________ into Africa during the seventh century, however, ushered in an increase in slavery and the slave trade. |
| Muslim | _________ rulers in Africa justified enslavement with the _________ belief that non-_________ prisoners of war could be bought and sold into slavery. |
| Africans | Between 650 and 1600, Muslims transported about 17 million _________ to the Muslim lands of North Africa and Southwest Asia. |
| Slaves | In most African and Muslim societies, _________ had some legal rights and an opportunity for social mobility. |
| Muslim | In the ___________ world, a few slaves even occupied positions of influence and power. |
| Slaves | Some _________ served as generals in the army. |
| African | In ___________ societies, slaves could escape their bondage in numerous ways, including marrying into the family they served. |
| Portuguese | The first Europeans to explore Africa were the ___________ during the 1400s. |
| Portuguese | Initially, ___________ traders were more interested in trading for gold than for captured Africans. |
| Natives | The purpose of trading with Africa changed with the colonization of the Americas, as ___________ began dying by the millions. |
| Africans | Europeans saw advantages in using ___________ in the Americas. |
| Immunity | Many Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had built up some ____________. |
| Farming | Many Africans had experience in _________ and could be taught plantation work. |
| Africans | __________ were less likely to escape because they did not know their way around the new land. |
| Skin Color | African's _____________ made it easier to catch them if they escaped and tried to live among others. |
| African Slave Trade | In time, the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas - known as the __________________ - became a massive enterprise. |
| Africans | Between 1500 and 1600, nearly 300,000 __________ were transported to the Americas. During the next century the number climbed to almost 1.3 million. |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | By the time the ________________________ ended around 1870, Europeans had imported about 9.5 million Africans to the Americas. |
| Spanish | The __________ took an early lead in importing Africans to the the Americas. |
| Spain | _________ moved on from the Caribbean and began to colonize the American mainland. |
| Spanish | As a result of mainland colonization, the __________ imported and enslaved thousands more Africans. |
| Africans | By 1650, nearly 300,000 __________ labored throughout Spanish America on plantations and in gold and silver mines. |
| Portuguese | By 1650, the ____________ had surpassed the Spanish in the importation of Africans to the Americas. |
| Brazil | During the 1600s, ________ dominated the European sugar market. |
| Sugar | As the colony's _________ industry grew, so too did European's colonists' demand for cheap labor. |
| Brazil | During the 17th century, more than 40 percent of all Africans brought to the Americas went to __________. |
| Labor | As the other European nations establish colonies in the Americas, their demand for cheap _______ grew. |
| Africans | Europeans began to import a large number of __________. |
| England | As ___________'s presence in the United States grew, it came to dominate the Atlantic slave trade. |
| England | From 1690 until __________ abolished the slave trade in 1807, it was the leading carrier of enslaved Africans. |
| English | By the time the slave trade ended, the _________ had transported nearly 1.7 million Africans to their colonies in the West Indies. |
| United States | African Slaves were also brought to what is now the _____ _____. |
| Africans | In all, nearly 400,000 ________ were sold to Britain's North American colonies. |
| Slave | Once in America the _______ population steadily grew. |
| Slaves | By 1830, roughly 2 million ________ toiled in the United States. |
| Slavery | ___________ probably began with the development of farming about 10,000 years ago. |
| Prisoners of War | For thousands of years, farmers used __________________ to work for them. |
| Slavery | __________ had existed in societies around the world. People were enslaved in civilizations from Egypt to China to India. |
| Race | _________ was not always a factor in slavery. |
| Slaves | Often, _________ were captured prisoners of ware, or people of a different nationality or religion. |
| Race | The slavery that developed in the Americas was largely based on _______. |
| Black | Europeans viewed _______ people as naturally inferior. |
| Hereditary | Because black people were inferior, slavery in the Americas was __________. |
| African | Many _________ rulers and merchants played a willing role in the Atlantic Slave Trade. |
| European | Most __________ traders, rather than travel inland, waited in ports along the coasts of Africa. |
| African | ___________ merchants, with the help of local rulers, captured Africans to be enslaved. |
| Slaves | They then delivered the __________ in exchange for gold, guns, and other goods. |
| African | As the slave trade grew, some __________ rulers voiced their opposition to the practice. Nonetheless the slave trade steadily grew. |
| African | Many _________ rulers continued to participate in the slave trade. |
| African | ___________ merchants developed new trade routes to avoid rulers who refused to cooperate. |
| Africans | After being captured, _________ men and women were shipped to the Americas as a part of a profitable trade network. Along the way, millions of _________ died. |
| Triangular Trade | Africans transported to the Americas were part of a transatlantic trade network known as the _____________. |
| Manufactured Goods | Over one trade route, Europeans transported ___________ ___________ to the west coast of Africa. |
| Traders | In Africa, _________ exchange manufactured goods for captured Africans. |
| Africans | The ___________ were then transported across the Atlantic and sold in the West Indies. |
| Merchants | ___________ bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco in the West Indies and sailed to Europe with these products. |
| Rum | On another triangular trade route, merchants carried ______ and other goods from the New England colonies to Africa. There they exchanged their merchandise for Africans. |
| Sugar Molasses | The traders transported the Africans to the West Indies and sold them for _____1_____ and ______2______. |
| New England | Traders sold sugar and molasses to rum produces in new England. |
| Triangular Trade | Various other transatlantic routes existed. The ____________ encompassed a network of trade routes crisscrossing the northern and southern colonies, the West Indies, England, Europe, and Africa. The network carried a variety of traded goods. |
| Middle Passage | The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America was known as the ______________. |
| Middle Passage | The ______________ was considered the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle. |
| Middle Passage | Sickening cruelty characterized this journey. |
| African | In __________ ports, European traders packed ___________s into the dark holds of a large ship. |
| Diseases | On board, Africans endured whippings and beating from merchants, as well as ___________ that swept through the vessel. |
| Africans | Numerous __________ died from disease or physical abuse aboard the slave ship. |
| Drowning | Many Africans committed suicide by ____________. |
| Twenty | Scholars estimate that roughly __________ percent of the Africans aboard each slave ship perished during the brutal trip. |
| Africans | _________ who survived their ocean voyage faced a difficult life in the Americas. Forced to work in a strange land, enslaved _________ coped in a variety of ways. |
| Bidder | Upon arriving in the Americas, captured Africans were usually auctioned off to the highest _________. |
| Servants | After being sold, slaves worked in mines or fields or as domestic __________. |
| Slaves | ________ lived a grueling existence. Many lived on little food in small, dreary huts. |
| Slaves | They worked long days and suffered beatings. |
| Slavery | In much of the Americas, __________ was a lifelong condition, as well as a hereditary one. |
| Cultural Heritage | To cope with the horrors of slavery, Africans developed a way of life based on their _______ _______. |
| Ancestors | During slavery, Africans kept alive such things as their musical traditions as well as the stories of their ____________. |
| Olaudah Equiano | An African that recalled the inhumane conditions of his trip from West Africa to the West Indies at age 12 in 1762. |
| Slaves | ________ found ways to resist by making themselves less productive by uprooting plants, breaking tools, and working slowly. Thousands also ran away. |
| Slaves | Some ________ pushed their resistance to open revolt. |
| Hispaniola | As early as 1522, about 20 slaves on _________ attacked and killed several Spanish colonists. |
| Spanish | Large slave revolts occurred throughout ___________ settlement during the 16th century. |
| Stono Rebellion | Occasional uprisings also occurred in Brazil, the West Indies, and North America. In 1739, a group of slaves in South Carolina led an uprising known as the ___________. |
| Uprisings | Revolts by slaves occurring up into the 1800s. |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | The __________________ had a profound impact on both Africa and the Americas. |
| Africa | In _________, numerous cultures lost generations of their fittest members - their young and able- to European traders and plantation owners. |
| African | Countless ___________ families were torn apart. Many of them were never reunited. |
| Guns | The slave trade devastated African societies in another way: by introducing ________ into the continent. |
| African Slaves | While they were unwilling participants in the growth of the colonies, _______________ contributed greatly to the economic and cultural development of the Americas. |
| Labor | African slaves' greatest contribution was their _________. |
| Haiti Barbados | Without their back-breaking work, colonies such as those on ___1___ and ___2___ may have not survived. |
| Agriculture | In addition to their muscle, enslaved Africans brought their expertise, especially in _________. |
| Culture | They also brought their _______. Their art, music, religion, and food continue to influence American societies. |
| Africans | The influx of so many ________ to the Americas also has left its mark on the very population itself. |
| African-American | From the United States to Brazil, many of the nations of the Western Hemisphere today have substantial _____________ populations. |
| Latin American | Many ________ ________ countries have a sizable mixed-race populations. |
| Atlantic | Africans were not the only cargo transported across the _______ during the colonization of the Americas. |
| Americas | The settlement of the __________ brought many different items from Europe, Asia, and Africa to North and South America. It also introduced items from the __________ to the rest of the world. |
| World | The colonization of the Americas dramatically changed the _________. |
| Voluntary Forced | The colonization of America prompted both __________ and ___________ migration of millions of people. It led to the establishment of new and powerful societies. |
| Americas | Other effects of European settlement of the ____________ were less noticeable but equally important. |
| Colonization | ______________ resulted in the exchange of new items that greatly influenced the lives of people throughout the world. |
| Europe | The new wealth from the Americas resulted in new business and trade practices in _________. |
| Columbian Exchange | The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas is known as the ______________. |
| Ships | ___________ from the Americas brought back a wide array of items that Europeans, Asians, and Africans had never seen before. |
| Plants | Items from the Americas included __________ such as tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, and cacao beans (for chocolate). |
| Eastern | And they included animals such as turkey, which became a source of food in the __________ hemisphere. |
| Corn Potatoes | The most important item to travel from the Americas to the rest of the world were ____1____ and ____2____. |
| Corn and Potatoes | Both were inexpensive to grow and nutritious. ( 1 and 2) |
| Potatoes | ___________, especially, supplied many essential vitamins and minerals. |
| Corn Potatoes | Over time, both ___1___ and ___2___ became an important and steady part of diets throughout the world. |
| Corn and Potatoes | These foods helped people live longer. ( 1 and 2 ) |
| Corn and Potatoes | They played a significant role in boosting the world's population. ( 1 and 2 ) |
| Ireland | The planting of the first white potato in ___________ and the first sweet potato in China probably changed more lives than the deeds of 100 kings. |
| China | The planting of the first white potato in Ireland and the first sweet potato in ___________ probably changed more lives than the deeds of 100 kings. |
| Livestock Animals | Traffic across the Atlantic did not flow in just one direction, however. Europeans introduced various _________ _________ into the Americas. |
| Europe | Where was this from? : Horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. |
| Africa | Foods from _________ (including some that originated in Asia) migrated west in European ships. |
| Africa | Where was this from? : Bananas, Black-eyed Peas, and Yams. |
| Grains | ___________ introduced to the Americas included wheat, rice, barley, and oats. |
| Columbian Exchange | Some aspects of the _________________ had a tragic impact on many Native Americans due to disease. |
| Disease | __________ was just as much a part of the Columbian Exchange as goods and food. |
| Diseases | The __________ Europeans brought with them, which included smallpox and measles, led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans. |
| Columbian Exchange | This global transfer of plants, animals, disease, and especially food brought together the Eastern and Western hemispheres and touched, in some way, nearly all people of the world. |
| Bernardino de Sahagun | A Spanish missionary in Mexico that described the effects of smallpox on the Aztecs. |
| Europeans | Who brought these? : Influenza, Typhus, Malaria, and Diphtheria. |
| Europe | The establishment of colonial empires in the Americas influenced the nations of _________ in still other ways. |
| Americas | New wealth from the ____________ was coupled with a dramatic growth of overseas trade. |
| Trade | New wealth from the Americas was coupled with a dramatic growth of overseas _______. |
| Europe | Two factors together prompted a wave of new business and trade practices in __________ during the 16th and 17th centuries. These practices, many of which served as the root of today's financial dealings, dramatically changed the economic atmosphere of __________. |
| Capitalism | One of the first main aspects of the European economic revolution was the growth of ____________. |
| Capitalism | ____________ is an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit. |
| Government | No longer were the ____________s the sole owners of great wealth (after Capitalism took rise). |
| Merchants | Due to overseas colonization and trade, numerous ________ had obtained great wealth. |
| Merchants | ___________ continued to invest their money in trade and overseas exploration. |
| Investment | Profits from _____________s enabled merchants and traders to reinvest even more money in other enterprises. As a result, businesses across Europe grew and flourished. |
| Europe | The increase in economic activity in __________ led to an overall increase in many nation's money supply. |
| Inflation | This in turn brought on ___________, or the steady rise in price of goods. |
| Inflation | __________ occurs when people have more money to spend and thus demand more goods and services. |
| Inflation | The supply of goods is less than the demand for them and the goods become both scarce and more valuable. |
| Inflation | After Europe's economic shift, prices began to rise due to ___________. At that time of Europe, the costs of many goods rose. |
| Spain | ___________ endured a crushing bought of inflation during the 1600s, as boatloads of gold and silver from the Americas greatly increased the nation's money supply. |
| Joint-Stock Company | Another business venture that developed after and around capitalism. |
| Joint-Stock Company | The _________________ worked much like a modern-day corporation, with investors buying shares of stock in a company. |
| Joint-Stock Company | It involved a number of people combining their wealth for a common purpose. |
| Joint-Stock Companies | In Europe during the 1500s and 1600s, the common purpose of ____________ was American colonization. |
| Colonies | It took large amounts of money to establish overseas __________. |
| Joint-Stock Companies | With ________________, profits were great, but so were the risks. Many ships, for instance, never completed the long and dangerous ocean voyage. |
| Joint-Stock Companies | Because __________________ involved numerous investors, the individual members paid only a fraction of total colonization cost. |
| Joint-Stock Company | If a colony failed in a __________________, investors lost only a small share. |
| Joint-Stock Company | If a colony thrived in a __________________, investors shared in the profits. |
| Joint-Stock Company | It was a ___________________ that was responsible for establishing Jamestown, England's first North American colony. |
| Mercantilism | During the time of economic shift, the nations of Europe adopted a new economic policy known as ____________. |
| Mercantilism | The theory of ____________ held that a country's power depended mainly on wealth. |
| Wealth | Allowed nations to build strong navies and purchase vital goods. |
| Wealth | As a result of mercantilism, the goal of every nation became the attainment of as much __________ as possible. |
| Mercantilism | An economic theory practiced in Europe in the 16th and 18th centuries. |
| Wealth | Economist of the 16th and 18th centuries believed a country's power came from its wealth. |
| Mercantilism | According to the theory of ______________, a nation could increase its wealth and power in two ways. |
| Wealth | To increase a country's ___________, it could obtain as much gold and silver as possible. |
| Wealth | To increase a country's ____________, it could establish a favorable balance of trade. |
| Favorable Balance of Trade | In which a country sold more goods than it bought. |
| Mercantilism | A nation's ultimate goal under _____________ was to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other countries for goods. |
| Thomas Mun | An English author of the time that wrote about the new economic idea of Mercantilism. |
| Mercantilism | _______________ went hand in hand in colonization, for colonies played a vital role in this new economic practice. |
| Colonies | Aside from providing silver and gold, ___________ provided raw materials that could not be found in the home country such as wood or furs. |
| Market | In addition to playing the role of a supplier, the colonies also provided a ____________. |
| Colonies | The home country could sell its goods to its __________. |
| Economic | The _____________ changes that swept through much of Europe during the age of American colonization also led to changes in European society. |
| Economic | The _____________ revolution spurred the growth of towns and the rise of a class of merchants who controlled great wealth. |
| Rural | The changes in European society, however, only went so far. While towns and cities grew in size, much of Europe's population continued to live in _________ areas. |
| Poor | Although merchants and traders enjoyed social mobility, the majority of Europeans remained ________. |
| Wealth | More than anything else, the economic revolution increased the _________ of European nations. |
| Mercantilism | ____________ contributed to the creation of a national identity. |
| Monarchs | The new economic practices helped expand the power of European ___________, who became powerful rulers. |
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