| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Sir Richard Arkwright | Invented water frame at almost the same time as the spinning jenny was invented. |
| Jeremy Bentham | Believed that public problems should be dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greated number. Wrote "Principles of Morals and Legislation". Majority rules. |
| Edmund Cartwright | Inventor of the modern power loom. |
| Chartism | Agitation against poor laws - working class discontent. |
| Combination Acts | 1799 and 1800; made trade unionism illegal. |
| The Communist Manifesto | Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; basis of Socialism. |
| Corn Laws | 1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well. |
| Henry Cort | Refined pig iron, puddling furnace, heavy rolling mills. |
| Benjamin Disraeli | British Conservative; extended vote to all middle class male workers; needed to broaden aristocratic voter basis. |
| Friedrich Engels | "Condition of Working Class in England"; society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx. |
| Factory Act 1833 | Created factory workday for children between 9-13, to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9. Factory owners establish schools. Destroyed family unit. |
| Charles Fourier | French social theorist; criticized capitalism; wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. "Theory of Four Movements". |
| James Hargreaves | About 1705 invented spinning jenny. |
| Industrialization | New inventions, cotton and iron, changed small businesses beyond all recognition. |
| John Kay | Inventor of flying shuttle (1773). |
| Laissez-faire capitalism | Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs. Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay. |
| Karl Marx | German; father of socialism; emancipation of women; "Communist Manifesto". |
| Thomas Newcomen | 1705 invented steam engine that used coal; very inefficient. |
| Robert Owen | Scottish spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony. |
| Henry Palmerston | Hawkish English Foreign Minister during revolutions of 1848. |
| A People's Charter | Draft of reform bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections; 6 main points. |
| Poor Law | 1834, gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers. |
| First Reform Bill | 1832, modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs. |
| Second Reform Bill | 1867, Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters. |
| Tory | Political party in Britain controled by aristocracy. |
| Utopian Cosialism | Ideal society based on socialist ideals; Louis Blanc and Charles Fourrier. |
| James Watt | Added a condenser to Newcomen's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power. |
| Whig | British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests. |
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