| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Alexander II | (r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. |
| Ausgleich, 1867 | Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary. |
| "Blood and iron" | Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismark; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron". |
| Bundesrat | The federal council of Austrian government. |
| Count Camillo Cavour | Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy. |
| Carbonari | A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots. |
| Carlsbad Decrees | 1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Mettermich. |
| Constitutional monarchy | Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution, written or unwritten. |
| Ems Dispatch | A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war. |
| Franco-Prussian War | 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor. |
| Frankfurt Assembly | 1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany. |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily. |
| Louis Kossuth | Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848. |
| Leopold II | 1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa. |
| Liberalism | The base ideas of liberty and equality. |
| Magyars | In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry and the minority population. |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people. |
| Nationalism | Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence. |
| Napoleon III | Original Napoleon's nephew; consolidated conservative gofernment and the ideals of nationalism. |
| Panslavism | A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. |
| Pogroms | Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia. |
| Realpolitik | Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian. |
| Red Shirts | Volunteers in Garibaldi's army. |
| Reichstag | Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power. |
| Russification | Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people. |
| Syllabus of Errors | 1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state. |
| Treaty of Frankfurt | The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany. |
| Otto von Bismarck | (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. |
| Zemstvos | Local assemblies in Russia. |
| Zollverein | Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1818 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs. |
| Risorgimento | Italian period of history from 1815 to 1850. |
| Grossdeutsch | Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans" |
| Kleindeutsch | Little German Party at the Grankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans" |
| Volksgeist | Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries. |
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