Electrolytes and Acid Base Balance
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Created by:
thegirls on November 23, 2010
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Cardiac, Purple Peeps, Microbiology205, nursing 221 2013, Nursing HCC Nights Weekends, Excelsior Nursing ASN (see more)
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79 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Metabolic Acidosis | pH < 7.35 , PaCO3 normal or < 35, HCO3 < 22 |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | pH > 7.45, PaCO2 normal or > 45, HCO3 > 26 |
| Respiratory Acidosis | pH < 7.35, PaCO2 > 45, HCO3 >26 |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | pH > 7.45, PaCO2 < 35, HCO3 < 22 |
| causes of Hyponatremia | GI loss - NG suction, vomit, diarrhea, Renal loss |
| causes of Hypernatremia | Excess aldosterone secretion, water deprivation or increased water loss. |
| causes of Hyperkalemia | Fluid Volume Deficit, Renal Failure, Acidosis |
| causes of Hypokalemia | Diuretics (Lasix), Diarrhea, GI loss, polyuria |
| causes of Hypercalcemia | Osteoperosis, hyperparathyroidism, immobilization |
| causes of Hypocalcemia | chronic alcoholism, chronic renal failure, Vitamin D deficiency |
| Potassium (K) | electrolyte imbalance in which cardiovascular is always a concern. |
| Signs and symptoms of Fluid volume excess | 1)weight gain 2)High BP 3)shallow, rapid respirations 4)crackles 5)Fluid intake > outake 6)weakness, fatigue, dyspnea 7)edema, taut shiny skin 8)JVD 9)bounding pulse |
| Foods high in potassium | potatoes, raisins, bananas, spinach, avacados, carrots |
| causes of Hypermagnesemia | Renal failure, excess intake |
| causes of Hypomagnesemia | Malnutrition, alcoholism, diarrhea, vomiting, polyuria |
| Hypotonic solution | reverses dehydration. |
| S&S of Hypokalemia | muscle weakness & cramps, irregular pulse |
| S&S of Hypocalcemia | pathological fractures, Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign |
| S&S of Hypomagnesemia | hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, muscle tremors |
| Renal system (kidneys) | 3rd line of defense for acid base balance. |
| S&S of Hypercalcemia | hypoactive reflexes, cardiac arrest |
| causes Hypervolemia - crackles, SOB | Too much fluid to patient with kidney failure or CHF. |
| Osmolality | concentration of solutes in a solution. |
| Lasix (diuretic) | causes loss of potassium. (hypokalemia) |
| examples of Isotonic solutions | 1)Lactaid Ringers 2) NS (0.9% NaCl) 3) 5% Dextrose |
| pH | measures hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids. |
| causes of Fluid Volume Deficit | 1)decreased intake 2)increased excretion 3)fluid shift 4)strenuous exercise 5)extreme heat/dryness 6)fever (increased metabolic rate) |
| Blood gas values - pH, PO2, HCO3, PCO2 | 1)7.35-7.45 2) 80-100 mm Hg 3) 22-27 mEq/L 4)35-45 mm Hg |
| Metabolic Imbalance | Bicarbonate (PCO2) concentration corresponds with pH. |
| Fluid Regulation of GI tract | Absorbs nutrients H2O. |
| Acid Base regulatory mechanisms | Blood, Lungs, Kidneys |
| Renin-Angiotensin mechanism initiates | 1) low blood volume 2)low serum Na 3) low BP 4)high serum K 5) low cardiac output |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Result of hyperventilation. |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Results from severe diarrhea or renal disease. |
| Hypotonic solution | Water moves into cell and causes cell to swell. Fluid shift out of blood vessels into interstitial spaces. |
| Istotonic solution | Expands ECF volume. (same concentrate as plasma.) |
| Respiratory system (lungs) | 2nd line of defense for acid base balance. |
| Aldosterone | Increases reabsorption of Na and water and excretion of K in kidneys. Causes vasoconstriction, increases BP. (main Na-retaining hormone) |
| Fluid Volume Excess | Excessive retention of water and Na in extracellular fluid. |
| Hyponatremia | Net gain of water or loss of Na-rich fluids. |
| S&S of Fluid Volume Excess | 1)weight gain 2)weakness, fatigue 3)dyspnea with exertion 4)pitting edema 4)JVD 5)taut, shiny skin 6)bounding pulse 7)shallow, rapid respiration 8)crackles 9)high BP 10)fluid intake > outake |
| Fluid Output | Occurs through kidneys, skin, lungs and GI tract. |
| Respiratory Imbalance | Bicarbonate (PCO2) has opposite response of pH. |
| Renal System (kidneys) | Primary system in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. |
| Fluid Regulation of Nervous System | Hypothalamus controls thirst - thirst center. |
| Fluid Regulation of Kidneys | 1)Filters blood 2)Excretes urine 3)Secretes aldosterone - reabsorbs Na, H2O and Cl and exceretes K. |
| Fluid Regulation of Lungs | 1)Regulates O2 and CO2 2)Eliminates H 3)Acid/Base Balance |
| Foods high in Magnesium | Vegetables, nuts, fish |
| serum Magnesium level | 1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L |
| serum Potassium level | 3.5 - 5 mEq/ L |
| serum Calcium level | 4.5 - 5.5 mEq/L |
| Respiratory Acidosis | Result of hypoventilation. |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | Results from vomiting, gastric suction, K deficiency, increased renal excretion of acid. |
| S&S of Hypernatremia | Extreme thirst, sticky tongue and mucous membranes, postural hypotension. |
| Hypernatremia value | serum sodium greater than 145 mEq/L |
| Hypertonic solution | solution with greater concentration than plasma. |
| Blood - Bicarbonate | 1st line of defense of acid base balance. (immediate response, only small fluctuations) |
| Fluid Excretion | Vomiting, diarrhea, abnormal drainage, excessive use of laxatives, enema, diuretics, blood loss, diaphoresis, burns |
| Hypertonic solution | Water moves out of cell and causes cell to shrink. |
| S&S of Fluid Volume Deficit | 1)Increased pulse and respirations 2)decreased BP 3)output > intake 4)dry oral mucosa 5)increased thirst 6)weight loss (5lbs.) 7)scanty or concentrated urine 8)collapsed neck veins |
| Fluid Regulation of Thyroid Gland | Increases blood flow in the body and increases output. |
| serum Sodium level | 135 - 145 mEq/L |
| Hyponatremia | serum Sodium level less than 135 mEq/L |
| Oxygen Saturation | Point at which hemoglobin is saturated by O2. |
| Sensible Loss | loss that is perceived or is measurable. (wound drainage, GI tract, urine) |
| S&S of Hyperkalemia | life threatening dysrhythmias |
| Sodium (Na) | major electrolyte found in extracellular fluid |
| Dehydration | Water lost from body - no loss of electrolytes. |
| Insensible Loss | Continuous loss occurring through skin and lungs. |
| Fluid Regulation of Lungs | Regulates O2 and CO2, Acid/Base Balance and eliminates H+. |
| Effects of Aldosterone | Excretes K and retains Na. |
| Hypovolemia | Body loses both water and electrolytes from the ECF. |
| Fluid Regulation of Cardiovascular system | Distributes nutrients and water throughout the body. |
| Postassium (K) | Major cation in the intracellular fluid. |
| reciprocal | potassium has action with sodium. |
| Renin | Released in response to decreased blood flow or decreased pressure in nephrons. |
| S&S of Hyponatremia | personality change, postural hypotension |
| S&S of Hypermagnesemia | hypoactive deep tendon reflexes |
| cause of decreased excretion | renal disease,cancer |
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