AP Psych--Chapter 2 (part 1)
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amanda_pescovitz on November 24, 2010
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
| autonomic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) |
| peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
| central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord |
| antagonist | a drug that inhibits the release of a neurotrasmitter |
| dendrite | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
| soma | cell body |
| action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
| myelin sheath | a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
| synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
| biological psychologists | a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
| somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (enables voluntary control) |
| progesterone | hormone that promotes growth of uterine lining |
| estrogen | the main female sex hormone |
| threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| androgens | male sex hormones |
| refractory period | the time after a neuron fires during which a stimulus will not evoke a response |
| epinephrine/norepinephrine | secreted by the adrenal glands; also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline |
| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands located just above the kidneys; secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
| axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
| neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
| selective permeability | a property of cells that allows some substances to cross more easily than others |
| Franz Gall | invented phrenology, claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits |
| depolarization | sodium rushes into neuron through membrane, potassium ruses out; results in a change in charge |
| resting potential | the electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron in its resting state (not the number; opposite of action potential) |
| node of Ranvier | small gap between myelinated segments where axonal membrane is exposed; increase speed of impulses |
| terminal buttons | small knobs at the end of the axon that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters |
| nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
| endorphins | natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction |
| reuptake | a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| -70mV | the charge of a neuron during resting potential |
| efferent neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands (motor neurons) |
| afferent neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system (sensory neurons) |
| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
| hypothalamus | controls the endocrine system |
| hormones | chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another |
| endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| neural network | interconnected neural cells (practicing an instrument builds these) |
| reflex | a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
| interneurons | neurons that make up the spinal cord and the brain |
| phrenology | the popular but ill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits |
| agonist | drugs that mimic the affects of or block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter |
| Parkinson's disease/L-dopa | degenerative disease associated with a dopamine deficiency; the drug can be converted to dopamine by breaking the blood-brain barrier |
| dopamine | neurotransmitter that influences learning, attention, and emotion (Charlie wrote a song about it) |
| serotonin | neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal |
| vesicle | membrane-bounded sac located in the terminal buttons that releases neurotransmitters |
| thyroid | endocrine gland that regulates the body's metabolism and calcium balance |
| pancreas | organ (associated with the endocrine system) that contains majority of digestive enzymes |
| gonads | reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries |
| testes | the male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones |
| ovaries | the female sex glands that store the ova and produce female sex hormones |
| testosterone | the most important male sex hormone |
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