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communication Transmission of a message from a source to a receiver. feedback response to a given communication interpersonal communication communication between two or a few people encoding transforming ideas into an understandable sign/symbol system decoding interpreting sign/symbol system noise anything that interferes with successful communication. medium vehicle by which messages are conveyed mass medium a medium that carries messages to a large number of people. mass communication the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences. inferential feedback in the mass communication process, feedback is typically indirect rather than direct; that is, it is inferential. cultural definition of communication communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed; culture the world made meaningful; socially constructed and maintained through communication, it limits as well as liberates us, differentiates as well as unites us, defines our realities and thereby shapes the ways we think, feel, and act. dominant culture the culture that seems to hold sway with the large majority of people; that which is normative. bounded culture groups with specific but not dominant cultures technological determinism the idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change. media literacy the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and utilize mass communication. literate culture a culture that employs a written language. oral culture a culture without a written language. griots the "talking chiefs" in orally based african tribes. ideogrammatic alphabet a symbol or picture based alphabet syllable alphabet a phonetically based alphabet employing sequences of vowels and consonants, that is, words. papyrus early form of paper composed of pressed strips of sliced reed. parchment writing material made from prepared animal skins. literacy the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and utilize a given form of communication. multiple points of access ability of a literate media consumer to access or approach media content from a variety of personally satisfying directions. third-person effect the common attitude that others genre a form of media content conventions in media content, certain distinctive, standardized style elements of individual genres. production values medias content's internal language and grammar its style and quality. opinion leaders are part of two step flow theory birth of a nation 1915 epic directed by D.W. Griffith "first modern feature film" New york times largest circulation for a metropolitan newspaper. Marconi commonly cited as the inventor of wireless muckrakers early investigative journalists 60 paper back books now account for ______ percent of total book sales. howard stern cited in text as an example of shock jock The Kuleshov effect the artful juxtaposition of images to convey meaning or evoke an emotion. Specialized final phase of magazine evolution AARP magazine with number one circulation in america Transistor radio growth of rock music was boosted by the introduction of the _____________ _________ in 1954 The Saturday Evening Post first magazine to achieve general interest from mass audience was ___ ________ ________ ______ cultivation the introduction of new technology changes society sometimes in unexpected ways dj's 1950s gatekeepers were the clear channel owns 4 times as more radio stations than any other company telephone was invented first armstrong invented the fm radio Telecommunications act of 1996 relaxation of laws regarding station ownership orson welles actor responsible for war of the world radio broadcast was ladies home journal Cyrus and Louisa Curtis were the magazine publishers who founded In-a-gadda-da-vida prime example of the type of music in the album rock era was__________________ alan freed Payola scandals of the 1950s led to the downfall of the deejay know as the father of rock and roll ___________ william paley formed CBS radio network in 1927 and led company for 50 years payola remains a problem today adjacency ability to place an ad next to a specific story in a magazine is known as _________________ Benjamin Harris remembered for starting the first newspaper in america Arbitron company that analyses radio ratings is ____________ AOL-Time-Warner top grossing magazine in america, people, is owned by De-Forest audion tube was invented by ______________ RCA David Sarnoff was the long time head of _______ citizen kane american film institute said this was the greatest movie of all time ____________ Muybridge did pioneering work in capturing motion in still photographs Motion picture patents company Edison tried to corner the market on motion picture technology by forming Journalistic ethics primary lesson in film shattered Glass is the importance of 1960 and 1970 FM stations had their greatest period of growth 6am-10am in radio morning drive time is between NBC media conglomerate that includes universal and general electric also owns ___________ Communications Act of 1934 FCC was created by Microsoft software company that helped slate.com was Digest magazine that excerpts material from other sources is known as _______________ Mack Sennett Keystone films K west of the Mississippi river Associated press & Reuters the following are examples of wire services Sponsored magazines AARP, Smithsonian and Natural Geographic are all examples of __________ ____________ reinforcement media effect theory where people tend to seek out mass media messages that support their already existing value system and view of the world. Kinetograph this is a motion picture camera radio the clock is a term mostly associated with the following medium Gordon Mc Lendon The Top 40 radio format was developed by The Whole Booke of Psalms in 1664 americas first book published was the Primitive the great train robbery was an example __________ stage of film development. Film genres 1) comedy 2) drama 3) musicals 4) action adventure 5) horror 6) sci fi sub genres romantic comedy teen comedy slapstick comedy dark comedy actor genres A "john wayne" movie director genres A "hitchcokian" thriller films from same genre often share: 1) set of rules about story telling 2) stylistic similarities 3) a value system the western taming the american west bringing order to chaos the american cowboy as icon rugged individualism courageous seeker of justice america as the worlds policeman masculine white supremacy evolution of film genre primitive classic revisionist parodic primitive stagecoach (1938) -directed by john ford (1894-1973) -starred john wayne (1907-1979) revisionist high noon (1951) the searchers (1956) parodic blazing saddles (1974) film noir western goes to city gritty private eye replaces cowboy the hardboiled detective ambiguous value system The Maltese Falcon (1941) #31 on AFI list based on the novel by dashielle hammet directed by john huston "b" movie mary astor peter lorre sydney greenstreet the great silent comedians mack sennet -- keystone studios charlie chaplin -- little tramp fatty arbuckle -- fell from grace after dead prostitute was found in his party. buster keaton -- known for stoneface (good director) the rounders 1914 arbuckle and chaplin made film together called in _________ in _____ mary Pickford she was americas sweetheart the gold rush 1925 the late silent era the sound era newsreels don juan 1926 (1st with sync sound) the jazz singer (1st talkie) 1927 linberg flew across the atlantic movies after WWII - attendance falls - the killer B's babies baseball bowling rise of the major studios each studio had a particular strength or personality the operated like movie factories some of the greatest films ever made receive 90% of revenue paramount sony warner bros disney 20th century fox universal dream works studios ______________ were more into distribution and financing than production. dvd sales ______ _________ have been declining in recent years! Diffusion of innovations stage blu-ray is in ____________________________ product placement common in movies and on TV producer brings financial and creative forces together executive producer the cash money man line producer day to day monitor of productions director makes most creative decisions, primary vision, interprets the script, creates the world of film. art director/scenic designer/production designer coordinates all aspects of the "look" of a film. set design, custom, makeup, props. radio technological innovation (hardware) programming (software) electronic base (advertising) regulation radios outnumber us 2 to 1 heinrich hertz radio waves marconi (1874-1937) he was influenced by benjamin Franklin british marconi - 1897 american marconi - 1899 reginald aubrey fessenden the barretter first voice broadcast -- christmas eve 1906 lee de forest radio tubes david sarnoff 1891 the music box memo - 1915 headed both RCA and NBC for several decades radio licensing call letters W- east of the misissppi K - west of the misissppi WW1 government takes control of radio patents pool radio corporation of america 1919 - absorbed american marconi general electric united fruit KDKA Frank Conrad (1874-1941) early programming FRC radio act of 1927 FCC communications act of 1934 telecommunications act of 1996 -undid most of previous regulation -ownership rules - marketplace regulation the golden age of radio lots of great radio programs were in 1930-1950 known as ___ ____________ _____ _____ _______ amos and andy controversial radio program big band music sponsorship & advertising crossly ratings the war of the worlds broadcast, oct 30th, 1938 orson welles mercury theatre on the air HG wells novel 1898 better radio gave USA a strategic edge propaganda tokyo rose - played mind games on US troops rise of broadcast news edward R Murrow (1908-1965) - reported from london during blitz stereo in the 1960 album rock in-a-gadda-da-vida thomas Edison phonograph, the first volcabulary and sound machine that was created in 1877 by _____________ phonograph orginally was for business, nicklodeans --> put a nickelin & play music emile berliner replaced the phonograph with the gramophone jukebox 1927 became popular in post WW1 era early form of pay per view concept early rock bill haley and the comets elvis presley sam philips stereo sound _________ ___________ was introduced in the 1930s producers in recording process had to do the following -oversee recording sessions -add string arrangements -create the sound mix -engineers take care of technical side top selling band 1950's elvis 118.5 million 1960's beatles 168.5 million 1970 recording industry enters disco stage in ________ 1982 compact discs tagline of murrow good night and good luck walter cronkite 1916 2009 CBS news anchor (1962-1981) he was the "most trusted man in america" 60 minutes longest running primetime show in history ABC nightline created to provide more coverage about the iranian hostage crisis 1979 Ted Turner people thought he was crazy when he started 24/7 CNN in 1980 rise of fox news changed everything, good example of reinforcement theory 1970s in the _________ crime shows were dominant 1980s in the __________ cable fragments the audience the situation comedy -changing value system of the sitcom -sitcoms reflect how we view the concept of family in america. i love lucy (1951-1957) -three camera technique - the honey mooners all in the family norman lear (1971-1983) really racist show the jeffersons archie bunkers place cable -very early days of TV broadcasting -originally a means to deliver TV signals to rural areas geostationary communication satelites aruther clarke extraterrestrial relays 1945 footprint launched in mid 1970s premium service homebox office (1975) demographics most advertising is tied to _____________ physchographics age, gender, income occupation ethnicity target audiences broadcasting vs. narrowcasting internet advertising extreme narrow categories public relations advertising in disguise spin the carefully crafted half truth, implies incomplete truth. edward bernays father of PR advertising controlled, identifiable persuasion though the mass media promotion is vague sort of combination of AD & PR High Definition (HD) radio -terrestrial rather than sattelite delivered -no sub fee -requires special receivers -co quality sound -text info issues in radio technology -fragmentation of the audience -format -news/talks is most popular format -concentration of station ownership - alternative platforms the radio workplace -the clock - the book radio ratings result - board op / DJ - program director - sales/marketing samuel morse morse code binary communication vannever bush "memex" idea (1945) the prime arpanet goal -decentralised communication -re-route communication automatically UCLA Stanford UCSB UTAH -1969 ARPAnet goes online - -1st internet that shared data between 1972 electronic mail starts 1973 ARPA offers to give ARPAnet to AT&T Altair 8800 released in 1975, $495 pre-built, $360 as a kit 1975 2 harvard students sold basics to altair and began microsoft 1984 Domain name system (DNS) is established 1989 internet access finally opens up to public Tim berners develops world wide web 1994 the white house launches www.whitehouse.gov and about 45 million users are online. culture _______ is set of values and shared beliefs media ________ constantly negotiates with the values and beliefs of culture. cultural imperialism enforcing our culture into another culture, US exports more media than it imports. encoded decoded messages are ________ by sender and ________ by receiver. the gatekeepers -control the flow of ideas and information -owners -programming executives -networks -editors -advertisers vertical monopoly production->distribution->exhibitian agenda setting this occurs in news, story order or emphasis, world view and values. Clear Channel this is a good example of a horizontal monopoly, where one company owns many related companies. Time Warner media conglomerate that owns warner bros/netscape/CNN/(magazines time, people and sports illustrated) viacom CBS media conglomerate that owns CBS/Paramount/blockbuster/cable networks including MTV/radio stations General electric media conglomerate that owns NBC, Universal, telemundo, comcast cable. disney media conglomerate that owns ABC, ESPN, Pixar, Marvel and the muppets news corporation rupert murdoch media conglomerate that owns fox films, KDFW cultural theory -the medium is the message -a type of qualitative analysis - the global village the global village concept is a concept the means media makes the world a smaller place. diffusion of innovations theory innovators/early adaptors early majority late majority laggards - may never acquire the technology. printing press breakthrough -johannes gutenberg, 1456 - beginning of movable type -first gutenberg bibles photograph telegraph telephone phonograph order of inventions photography L. Daguerre & N. Niepce 1839 telegraph samuel f.b. morse 1844 (what hath god wrought) telephone alexander graham bell 1876 phonograph Thomas Alva Edison 1877 benjamin Harris 1690, publick occurances (shut down after one issue) john peter Zenger New York Weekly 1735 was tried for seditious libel the federalist papers -John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton -framework for government, what it should look like! cheap newsprint the penny press - early 19th century was The New York Sun - Benjamin Day 1833 - FIRST MAJOR DAILY NEWSPAPER wire services - New York Associated Press 1848 - associated press 1900 - reuters 1851 joseph pulitzer -1847-1911 -early advocate of journalism schools - established pulitzer prize Nellie Bly stunt journalism investigative journalism:checking into jails/mental institutions william randolph hearst (1863-1951) rival of pulitzer invented pyramid reporting Remington story hired by hearst to go to cuba & draw what went on @ wars citizen kane made after hearst co written, directed, starring orson welles the watergate era bob woodward and carl bernstein washington post nixon resigns in 1974 New York Times largest metropolitan daily Gannett owns USA Today McClatchy owns star telegram Joint operating agreements relaxation of ownership laws that allowed broadcasters to own papers. newspaper hierarchy 1)publisher (usually owner) 2)the editor(figure head) 3)other editors 4)designers (layout, place ads) 5)reporters 6)syndicated columnists 7)circulation 8)sales/advertising publik occurrences first american news paper, 1690 benjamin harris New York Son Benjamin Day oprah, opinion leaders two step flow paul lazarsfeld father of social science research and possibly the most important mass communication researcher of all time.(believed in critical research) administrative research this concerns itself with direct causes and effects. critical research looks at larger, possibly more significant cultural questions. ritual perspective the maintenance of society in time mass communication theory explanations and predictions of social phenomena that attempt to relate mass communication to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives or social systems. mass society theory resulting theory dissonance theory 3 selective processes -- help us select what info we consume, remember and interpret in important ways -selective exposure and attention -selective retention -selective perception social cognitive theory models through imitation and identification observational learning, inhibitory effects, disinhibitory effects imitation and identification are products of 3 processes: critical cultural theories ________________________ is the idea that media operate primarily to justify and support status quo at expense of ordinary people. imitation and identification social cognitive theory ordinary people critical cultural theory The whole booke of psalms (1644) first book published in america; religious benjamin franklin one of first authors in america a christmas carol charles Dickens (1843) -had a great impact on people uncle tom's cabin Harriet beacher stowe (1851) - major part to starting civil war dime novels and pulp novels late 1800s myth of american west buffalo bills best shot 60 percent paper back books account for ____ of the market today! project guttenberg founded in 1971 over 27000 books available publick domain Digital rights management (DRM) locks the ebook to a specific device, cant loan the book. Riding the Bullet it was released in 200 by stephan king, initially it was only an ebook that was free for the first two weeks. it was $2.50 afterwards and in the first 24 hours of it being free it was downloaded 400,000 times. google books 2004 sony reader 2006 amazon kindle 2007 ipad 2010 GSAP starting letters of devices google books began partnership with several prominent libraries operah she helps books get published 8.4 million viewers everyday syndicated program american magazine andrew bradford (3 issues) general magazine Benjamin Franklin (6 issues) muckrakers investigative reporters trying to create change through their writing. Sponsored magazines AARP, the magazine national geographic. trade magazines and professional journals broadcasting and cable journal of broadcasting and electronic media columbia journalism review AMA journal consumer magazines people, cosmopolitan, reader's digest and rolling stone are all examples of: specialty magazines opera news D Magazine Gun Dog Kiteboarding controlled circulation airline magazines hotel magazines webzines slate - started off as microsoft salon - came along first, left learning. revenue and circulation two ways to distinguish top magazines and publishers. people top magazine in revenue AARP top magazine in circulation 1964 sports illustrated started in ________ hearst mostly women's magazines cosmopolitan good housekeeping redbook cosmopolitan is run by helen gurley brown who took over in 1965 and also wrote sex & the single girl. online magazines www.salon.com and www.slate.com are both examples of: shattered glass stephen glass journalistic ethics scenic design and production design the art of art direction is also called evolution of radio 1)technological innovation 2)programming 3)Economic base 4)regulation Regina Aubrey Fessenden -the barretter:radio that delivered voice -first voice broadcast, christmas eve -gave us voice and music transmission over radio Lee De Forest Radio Tubes The wireless ship act of 1910 required ships of 50+ people to have a radio The radio act of 1912 radio must be manned 24/7 KDKA it was the first radio station of USA formed in Pittsburgh. AT&T gave us the word commercial 1922 first commercial broadcast radio act of 1927 was by the FRC and it established the concept of radio "public interest, convenience or necessity" Communications act of 1934 FRC replaced by FCC transistor radios they were strictly AM and small enough to put under a pillow. Alan Freed father of rock and roll edwin armstrong gave us FM in 1939