Chapter 8- Earthquakes
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Created by:
rcr1970 Plus on November 28, 2010
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 vibrations | these from earthquakes last about 45 seconds to one minute for larger earthquakes and jsut a few seconds for smaller earthquakes. |
| pacific ocean | 80% of all earthquakes occur near this ocean |
| faults | most earthquakes occur along these |
| continental plates | are constantly moving from forces deep inside the Earth |
| focus | this is a spot on a earthquake fault that moves |
| epicenter | thsi is the place on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake focus. |
| shallow | these earthquakes occur above 70 km |
| intermediate | these earthquakes occur from 70 km to 300 km |
| deep | these earthquakes occur belwo 300 km. |
| EARTHQUAKE | The violent motion of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves radiating from a fault along which sudden movement has taken place. |
| SEISMOGRAPHS | An instrument for magnifying and recording the motions of the Earth's surface that are caused by seismic waves. |
| PWAVE | The primary or fastest wave traveling away from a seismic event through the solid rock and consisting of a train of compressions and dilations of the material. |
| SWAVE | The secondary seismic wave, which travels more slowly than the P wave and consists of elastic vibrations transverse to the direction of travel. S waves cannot penetrate a liquid. |
| SURFACE | A seismic wave that follows the Earth's surface only, with a speed less than that of S waves. (also known as seismic ______ wave) |
| AMPLITUDE | this is the comparing of the distance from the earthquake to the amount of ground movement ( hint: greatness of extent; magnitude) |
| RICHTER SCALE | This scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. It is a base-10 scale and measures the amount of shaking amplitude |
| MAGNITUDE | A measure of earthquake size, determined by taking the common logarithm (base 10) of the largest ground motion observed during the arrival of a P wave or seismic surface wave and applying a standard correction for distance to the epicenter. |
| EIGHT | This is the number of earthquakes per year that are the greatest earthquakes |
| EIGHTEEN | this is the number of earthquakes per year that are major earthquakes |
| TRIANGULATION | this is needed to located the position of the earthquake on the Earth. (hint: word combines three terms as one) |
| RICHTER | this scale compares ground movement over distance. |
| LARGE | This type of earthquake may cause the ground to move up and down several feet. |
| DISTANCE | by compring time difference between S waves, P waves and Surface waves it is possible to calculate _________ to the earthquake. |
| DENSE | The Earth's surface rocks are not as ________ as the interior rocks and so surface wavs are the slowest of all --90% of S waves. |
| SURFACE | these waves have large and complex ground motions and cause most of the damage. |
| SPEED | P waves and S waves will travel at different ________. |
| Faster | P waves are _______ than S waves |
| NEW MADRID | The largest area of earthquake movement and damage in recent history occurred in a town called ________. |
| Three | _______ magnitude of 7.5 or great occurred in New Madrid in 1811 and early 1812. |
| All | _______ of the U. S. east of The Rocky Mountains felt the earthquake from the Southwest Missouri earthquakes in 1811 and 1812. |
| SAN FRANSICO | The earthquake of 1906 in ______________ was actually 1/20 in size of the 1811 and 1812 earthquakes in New Madrid yet they all had about the same amount of damage. |
| SAN ANDREAS | This fault zone in California is an a active zone that is fractured and broken. |
| SHALLOW | This depth of earthquakes is absorbed quickly and damage is restricted to a smaller area. |
| DEEPER | The New Madrid Fault zone is __________ and energy travels at greater distances because the rock is so dense. |
| RIFT ZONE | 500 million years ago the United States tried to spilt apart in a _______ _______. |
| REELFOOT RIFT | This is a rift zone in the Red Sea and is called _______ ____. |
| LIQUEFACTION | a process by which saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid and can be caused by earthquakes when loosely packed, water-logged sediments come loose from the intense shaking of the earthquake. |
| SECONDARY | these types of effects of earthquakes are actually the most deadliest more types of damage occurs. |
| tsunamis | earthquakes can cause fires, landslides and _________. |
| fires | The San Fransico earthquake in 1906 caused less deaths than did _______. |
| INDONESIAN | In 2004, more people died from the Great _______ earthquake that resulted in almost 250,000 people dying from a tsunami. |
| MOHO | a boundary between the crust and mantle. |
| LITHOSPHERE | consists of the crust and the hard uppermost mantle. |
| FIVE | the Earth can be divided into _______ major parts. |
| ASTHENOSPHERE | this is a hot, almost molten layer of the Earth called _______ and is under the 250 km thick lithosphere. This layer is mobile and is detached from the lithosphere. (hint: peanut butter) |
| LOWER MANTLE | This layer is under the asthenosphere and is 2,240 km thick. It has solid rock. |
| Moves | when the astenosphere ______ the lithosphere on top moves with it. |
| OUTER CORE | below the mantle is the ______ ______. It is molten iron-nickel alloy. It spins and generates our MAGNETIC FIELD. |
| SEISMOLOGY | Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around the earth. It also ADDS to our understanding of the Earth's interior. |
| PLATE TECTONICS | The theory and study of plate formation, movement, interactions, and destruction; the attempt to explain seismicity, volcanism, mountain building, and evidence of paleomagnetism in terms of plate motions. |
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