Advanced Biology Unit 6 Study Guide Chapter 16:The Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists
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burros Teacher on November 29, 2010
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BHS Richey 2010
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 alga (plural, algae) | Algae are aquatic protists containing chlorophyll. They may be microscopic and unicellular or huge and multicellular. |
| alternation of generations | process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles |
| alveolates | Unicellular protists with subsurface cavities (Dinoflagellates, Ciliates, and Apicomplexans). |
| amoeba | a protist that moves using flexible, cytoplasmic extensions |
| amoebozoan | A protist in a clade that includes many species with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia. |
| apicomplexans | parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases, parasitic, their apparatus at their anex penetrates host cells, Plasmodium |
| Archaea | Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan |
| autotroph | plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances |
| bacillus (plural, bacilli) | aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium |
| Bacteria | single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes |
| biofilm | A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. |
| bioremediation | uses bacteria to break down pollutants |
| brown algae | algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown and yellow pigments |
| cellular slime molds | Types of slime molds that typically exist as individual cells and reproduce with binary fission; during stressful times, many of these cells will come together to form a fruiting body. |
| chemoautotroph | organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions |
| chemoheterotroph | organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon |
| chlamydia | a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria of the genus Chlamydia see cocci |
| ciliates | a type of protozoa that moves using hairlike cilia |
| coccus (plural, cocci) | any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria |
| cyanobacteria | group of prokaryotes that generate oxygen as a waste product of their photosynthesis |
| diatoms | single-celled organisms. found in salt and fresh water. producers. make up a large percent of phytoplankton. cell walls contain cellulose and silica (frigid and glasslike). used in silver polish, toothpaste, filter and insulation |
| dinoflagellates | Group of protists that form "blooms", can be toxic. make up phytoplankton and can be bioluminescent. They generally have two flagella, half are heterotrophic and the other half are photosynthetic, many species are luminescent |
| diplomonads | a protist that has modified mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella |
| endospore | A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions. |
| endotoxin | a toxin that is confined inside the microorganisms and is released only when the microorganisms are broken down or die, a potent toxin from certain bacteria that causes life-threatening shock. |
| euglenozoans | includes predatory heterotrophs, autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites, all of which have a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella |
| exotoxin | a toxin that is secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding medium |
| extreme halophile | Microorganisms that live in unusually highly saline environments such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea. |
| extreme thermophile | An organism that thrives in hot environments (often 60-80°C or hotter). |
| foraminiferans | amoeba like protist that has a shell and looks like a snail. |
| gametophyte | the gamete-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations |
| gram-positive bacteria | hmmmm... |
| gram stain | A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls. |
| green algae | algae that are clear green in color |
| heterotroph | an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition |
| methanogens | convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane gas |
| parabasilids | use an undulating membrane and flagella to move around |
| parasite | an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant) |
| pathogen | any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism) |
| peptidoglycan | a protein carbohydrate compound found in bacterial cell walls |
| photoautotroph | organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds |
| photoheterotroph | organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source |
| pilus (plural, pili) | hairlike structure especially on the surface of a cell or microorganism |
| plasmodial slime mold | A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle. |
| plasmodium | parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans |
| proteobacteria | Includes autotrophs and heterotrophs; anaerobic and aerobic; 5 subgroups |
| protist | free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes |
| protozoan (plural, protozoa) | any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic |
| pseudopodium (plural, pseudopodia) | temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion |
| radiolarians | marine protists whose tests are fused into one delicate piece |
| red algae | marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment |
| secondary endosymbiosis | a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell |
| spirochetes | spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement |
| sporophyte | the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations |
| stramenopiles | Clade that includes water molds and heterokont algae, with similar large robust flagella (Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes). |
| symbiosis | the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent |
| water molds | oomycota |
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