Chapter 15
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78 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 name two people that fought for better conditions for those with mental disorders | Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix |
| Today's mental health therapies can be divided into two main categories: | psychotherapy biomedial therapy |
| Eclectic approach | an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. Half of all psychotherapists use it |
| Psychotherapy integration | attempts to combine a selection of assorted techniques into a single, coherent system |
| Psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or to achieve personal growth |
| Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed that patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretation of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
| Psychoanalytic theory presumes that healthier, less anxious living becomes possible when people release the energy they had previously devoted to : | id-ego-superego conflicts |
| Resistance- | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| Interpretation | in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
| Transference- | in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love and hatred for a parent) |
| Psychodynamic theory- | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight |
| Interpersonal therapy's goal is: | symptom relief in the here and now, not overall personality change |
| The humanistic perspective has emphasized: | people's inherent potential for self-fulfillment. |
| Humanistic therapies differ from psychoanalysts in focusing on: (4) | The present and the future more than the past Conscious rather than unconscious thought Taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants Promoting growth instead of curing illness. Those in therapy are thus "clients" rather than "patients" |
| Client-centered therapy | a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth (also called person-centered therapy) |
| Active listening | empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A features of Roger's client-centered therapy |
| client-centered therapy is directive/nondirective? | nondirective |
| Unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing a self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| Rogers believed that a therapist's most important contribution is to: | accept and understand the client |
| Behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| Behavior therapists view maladaptive symptoms - such as phobias or sexual disorders - as: | learned behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors. |
| Counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are trigger unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. |
| Exposure therapies- | behavior techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid |
| Systematic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias (Wolpe) |
| Progressive relaxation | the therapist trains you to relax one muscle group after the other and after you are totally relaxed asks you to imagine a mildly anxiety-arousing situation. Raise finger when anxious. |
| Virtual reality exposure therapy | an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking |
| In systematic desensitization, the goal is substituting a ___ for a ____ to a harmless stimulus. | positive (relaxed) response negative (fearful) response |
| In aversive conditioning, the goal is substituting a negative (aversive) response for a positive response to a : | harmful stimulus (such as alcohol). |
| Aversive conditioning- | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| Behavior modification | reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors or punishing them. |
| Token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats |
| Cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| Aaron Beck's therapy seeks to do what? | reverse clients' catastrophizing beliefs about themselves. Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking. |
| Stress inoculation training | teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations |
| Cognitive-behavior therapy | a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
| Except for traditional psychoanalysis, most therapies may also occur in _____ ______ | small groups |
| Family therapy | therapy the treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members |
| Clients' and therapists' perceptions of therapy's effectiveness are vulnerable to inflation from two phenomena: | 1. Placebo effect 2. Regression toward the mean |
| Regression toward the mean | the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average |
| Decline effect- | the tendency for people to lose their psychic powers when tested a second time |
| who first challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy? | Hans Eysenck |
| Meta-analysis- | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| The average therapy client ends up better off than ___% of the untreated individuals on waiting lists | 80 |
| There is little if any connection between clinicians' experience, training, supervision, and licensing and ____ | their clients' outcomes. |
| ______ therapies is best for behavior problems. | Behavioral conditioning |
| ______ therapy is best for depression and reducing suicide risk. | cognitive |
| Those with less-focused problems are helped in short term but often : | relapse later. |
| Energy therapies | manipulate people's invisible energy fields |
| Recovered-memory therapies | unearth "repressed memories" of early childhood abuse Rebirthing therapies- reenact supposed trauma of birth |
| Facilitated communication- | has an assistant touch the typing hand of a child with autism |
| Crisis debriefing | forces people to rehearse and "process" their traumatic experiences |
| Evidence-based principle | clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences |
| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): who developed it? what fact is it based on? | Developed by Francine Shapiro Triggered eye movements decrease anxiety |
| who developed animal magnetism (hypnosis)? | Franz Anton Mesmer |
| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | depression in winter |
| Three benefits offered by therapy: | Hope for demoralized people A new perspective on oneself and the world An empathetic, trusting, caring relationship |
| The therapeutic alliance- | the emotional bond between therapist and client |
| Biomedical therapy- | prescribed medications or medical produces that act directly on the patient's nervous system |
| The most widely used biomedical treatments today are the _____ | drug therapies. |
| Psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. |
| Psychoses | disorders in which hallucination or delusions indicate some loss of contact with reality |
| Antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder (chlorpromazine) |
| The molecules of most antipsychotic drugs occupy _______receptor sites or block its activity. | dopamine's |
| Tardive dyskinesia | involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors |
| Atypical antipsychotics | target both dopamine and serotonin receptors. This helps alleviate negative symptoms and positive symptoms when patients have not responded to other drugs (clozapine) |
| Antianxiety drugs: use and what do they depress | drugs used to control anxiety or agitation (Xanax or Ativan) Depress CNS activity (like alcohol) |
| The antibiotic D-cycloserine acts upon a receptor that facilitates the extinction of: | learned fears |
| Antidepressants- | drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters They work by increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin, which elevate arousal and mood and are scarce in depression |
| Fluoxetine | Prozac. Partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapse |
| Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRI): (3) | Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil. |
| The full psychological effect of antidepressants often take______ | four weeks |
| Placebos account for ___% of the active drug's effect | 75 |
| what can be an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder? | The simple salt lithium |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)- | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)- definition and a possible theory for why it works | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity One explanation is that the stimulation energizes depressed patients' relatively inactive left frontal lobe. When repeatedly stimulated, nerve cells can form functioning circuits through long-term potentiation (LTP) |
| Deep-Brain Stimulation | Focuses on a cortex area that bridges the thinking frontal lobes to the limbic system This area is overactive depressed people It uses deep-brain stimulation technologies that excite neurons that inhibit the negative emotion-feeding activity |
| Psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. The most drastic and least-used biomedical intervention |
| Lobotomy | a now-rare psychological procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain (Moniz) |
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