Polysci 16
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Event dropouts | persons who are recorded by the schools as having stopped attending during the 10th, 11th, and 12th grades, as a percentage of total attendance; this figure is preferred because it is very low at 4% |
| Status dropouts | persons age 18-24 who are not attending school and have not graduated high school, as a percentage of 18-24 year olds; the national rate is about 13% |
| School-based management | reforms designed to decentralize educational decision making to individual schools rather than central school district administration |
| for vouchers | parental choice among schools would promote competition and enhance achievement; the most effective way of serving disadvantaged children |
| against vouchers | disrupts educational planning and threatens the viability of schools that are perceived as inferior; leads to stratification of schools |
| Magnet Schools | schools emphasizing instruction in particular areas in an effort to improve quality and attract students |
| Charter Schools | schools operated with public funds by private community groups under a charter from a public school district |
| Federal role in education | trying to assure racial equality (biggest role) and keep a separation between church and state; see also pg. 560 in book |
| No Child Left Behind | pg. 562purpose is national accountability; relies on testing as a means to improve performance of schools; gave parental choice to those whose children attend schools that fail to go to another school |
| Responsibilities of superintendents | 1. Sets the agenda for school board decisions 2. Make policy recommendations 3. Implements board decisions |
| Free exercise clause | the 1st Amendment clause of the US Constitution , interpreted by the supreme court to prohibit states from closing religious schools or forcing all students to attend public schools |
| Separation of church and state | the no establishment clause prohibits the government from aiding religious education or conducting religious ceremonies in public schools |
| What gov can give to religious schools | government can in a limited fashion support the activities of church-related schools; books, buses, and tax deductions can be provided to religious schools |
| Lemon Test | three part test that is used to determine if a particular state law constitutes establishment of religion; to be constitutional, the law must: have a secular purpose, as its primary affect, neither advance nor inhibit religion, and must not foster excessive government entanglement with religion |
| Types of Taxes | Local Property Taxes, State sales taxes, selection sales taxes, state income taxes, corporate taxes, lottery and gambling revenue, user charges |
| local property taxes | largest source of revenue for local government |
| state sales taxes | most important revenue for state government |
| selection sales taxes | cigarette, alcohol, gas |
| corporate taxes | taxing the net profits of corporations; 45 states have |
| lottery and gambling revenue | 2% of sate revenue |
| user charges | the fastest growing source of revenue; charges levied on specific users by a government agency for the services they use; only those who use the service pay the charge (water, sewage) |
| Types of Tax limits | Property Tax limits Personal income limits State expenditure limits Prohibitions on specific taxes exemptions and special treatments |
| Explanations for opposing taxes | Self interest explanation: people don't benefit from them High Tax explanation: people who pay high taxes (wealthy) Ideological explanation: conservatives should support tax limitations, liberals should oppose Fairness Explanation: people who perceive the tax system as unfair Alienation Explanation: people who have negative feelings about the government |
| Cut back management | Deciding how to reduce spending and services in order to relieve fiscal stress (hiring freezes, hierarch of needs assessment, flat cuts, and privatizing) |
| Cut back strategies | No change strategy-across the board cuts, seniority retention, and hiring freezes; the cutbacks are evenly distributed Hierarchy of community needs strategy- sets priorities for essential services Privatizing strategy- services transferred to private enterprises, which can usually perform them cheaper than the government Reduction in capital spending strategy- cutting back on spending Reduction in labor strategy- reducing personnel costs with freezes, layoffs, and renegotiated labor contracts |
| Capital financing | State constitutions generally permit state and local governments to borrow funds for capital improvements, with provisions for repaying the debt during the useful life of the project; selling bonds is most common |
| Debt Ceiling | limits the amount of money a government can borrow to a proportion of the tax base |
| Revenue bonds | bonds issued by governments for specific projects and backed only by whatever revenues the projects generate |
| 14th Amendment | All persons born or naturalized in the US and subject to jurisdiction thereof, are citizens in the US and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws |
| Brown v. Board of Education | a 1954 case that reversed the separate but equal doctrine and made segregation unconstitutional |
| Separate but equal | the ruling by the supreme court in 1896 that segregated facilities were lawful as long as they were equal |
| Civil rights act of 1964 | put an end to private discrimination; also addressed fair housing issue each federal department and agency were charged with ending discrimination in all programs or activities made it unlawful to discriminate in employment; EEOC was established |
| Bakke Case | early case challenging affirmative action; ruling that race may be considered a plus factor in evaluating admissions application but banning specific quotas |
| Set aside program | governments requiring a certain percentage of contracts to go to minority contractors; courts ruled against |
| immigration reform act of 1986 | granted amnesty to illegal aliens living in the US in 1982 who had been living here before 1972; also imposed penalties on employers who hired illegal immigrants |
| ADA 1990 | requires reasonable accommodation for the disabled that do not cause undue hardship the disabled cannot be denied employment or promotion if they can perform the duties of the job with reasonable accommodation the disabled cannot be denied access to government programs or benefits the disabled must enjoy full and equal access hotels, restaurants, schools, etc. |
| Title VII of the CRA of 1964 | makes it an unlawful employment practice to discriminate against any individual with respect to race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; sexual harassment is outlawed |
| Title IX of the Education Act | No person in the US shall on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance |
| Comparable worth | the argument that pay levels for traditionally male and traditionally female jobs should be equalized either by employers themselves or by government laws and regulations |
| Roe vs. Wade | ruled that the word person in the Constitution did not include the unborn child; allowed abortion in the first trimester |
| State restrictions on abortion | Denial of public funds, conscience laws (doctors and nurses can refuse to do them) fetal disposal (has to be respectful and humane) informed consent (doctors have to inform of consequences), parental notification, hospitalization required, and clinic licensing Spousal notification was struck down |
| Charter schools | schools operated with public funding by private community groups under a charter from a public school district |
| Federal role in education | trying to assure racial equality (biggest role) and keep a separation between church and state |
| 5 different branches of education | State boards of education State Commissioners of education State departments of education School district consolidation State financial control |
| Free exercise clause | the 1st amendment clause of the US constitution, interpreted by the supreme court to prohibit states from closing religious schools or forcing all students to attend public schools |
| Religious school support from government | Can support activities in limited fashion; books, buses, and tax deductions can be provided to religious schools |
| GDP | sum of all goods and services produced in the US in a year; measure of the size of US economy |
| Federal spending | ~2.5 trillion; 20% of GDP |
| State and Local Spending | 1.4 trillion; mostly toward education, social services (welfare/health), public safety (police and fire), and transportation (10% of GDP) |
| Most costly source of state and local spending | state- social services local- education |
| State and local spending ways | State- social services (45) Education (22) Transportation (9) Public Safety (6) Governmental Admin (5) Other (4) Interest on Debt (4) Environment and Housing (3) Local- Education (45) Social Services (12) Environment and Housing (11) Public Safety (11) Transportation (6) Other (6) Governmental Admin (5) and Interest on Debt (4) |
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