Skull
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151 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 TEA | Corresponds to the level of the Petrous Ridge |
| Supraorbital Groove | Corresponds to the highest level of the facial bones |
| Interpupillary Line | A line used in positioning to ensure that the skull is in a true lateral position |
| Gonion | Posterior angle of the jaw |
| Tragus | The small cartilaginous flap covering the EAM |
| Outer Canthus | Lateral junction of the eye |
| Orbitomeatal Line | Line between the mid-lateral orbital margin and the EAM |
| Glabelloaveolar Line | Line between the glabella and aveolar process of the mandible |
| Infraorbitomeatal Line | Line between the inferior orbital rim and the EAM |
| Mentomeatal Line | Line between the mental point and EAM |
| Glabella | Smooth, slightly raised area between the eyebrows |
| Inion | The most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance |
| Nasion | A depression at the bridge of the nose |
| Parietal Eminence | Distance between these two points would indicate the widest dimension of the skull |
| Mastoid Tip | This point can also be used in positioning fr he open-mouth C-spine |
| Erosion is best demonstrated on which projection? | Lateral Projection |
| Anatomical Landmarks used to evaluate the Lateral Projection | Orbital Lines or Roof Rami Mandible Body of Mandible Anterior/Posterior Clinoids Petrous Pyramids Greater/Lesser Wing of Sphenoid EAM Mastoid Tip |
| Base of Skull, Mastoid Tip, Occlusal Plane | Perpendicular to the film for the AP Open Mouth C-Spine Projection |
| CR for routine Caldwell Projection | 15 degrees Caudal |
| Why the sinus x-ray is erect | Air and Fluid Levels |
| Brachycephalic | Skull angle of 54 degrees between the midsagital plane and long axis of the petrous bone |
| Mesocephalic | Skull angle of 47 degrees between the midsagital plane and long axis of the pertrous bone |
| Mesocephalic | Average size Skull |
| Reids Baseline is also called | IOML or Anthropalogic Baseline |
| Lateral Skull Potioning, Which baseline is perpendicular to the imaginary line along the front edge ofthe IR | IOML is Perpendicular to Imaginary Line |
| What Projection and CR angle to demonstrate the Superior Orbital Fissure? | Caldwell, 30 degrees Caudal |
| Which Baseline is parallel to IR for the Submentovertex Projection (SMV) | IOML is Parallel to IR, Perpendicular to CR |
| CR and Angle for the Haas Method | 25 degrees Cephalad |
| Petrous Pyramid | Densest bone of the 3 aspects of the temporal bone |
| Properly positioned AP Axial (Towne) projection should place the dorsum sellae in the middle of? | Foramen Magnum |
| Lack of symmetry of the Petrous Ridges indcates what problem with a Radiograph of an AP Axia Projection? | Rotation |
| What Positioning errr is present if te Mandibular Rami are not superimposed on a Lateral Skull Radiograph? | Rotation |
| With a traum patient, what must b determined before performing the SMV Projection? | C-Spine Injury |
| Where should the Petrous Ridges be located on well positioned 15 Degree Caldwell? | Lower 1/3 of the Orbit |
| Where should the Petrous Ridges be located on well positioned 30 Degree Caldwell? | Lower than the lower 1/3 of the Orbit |
| What Skull projection results in th highest Thyroid Dose | SMV (264 mR) |
| CR and Patient Position for the Towne Projection ofthe Skull | 2 1/2" superior to the Glabella, 30 degrees Caudal to the OML |
| CR and Patient Position for the Lateral Skull Projection | 2" Superior to the EAM, Perpendicular to the IR |
| CR and Patient Position for the Caldwell Projection of the Skull | PA, OML& MSP Perpendicular to the IR, 15 degrees Caudal exiting the Naison |
| Routine Skull Series | Towne Lateral Caldwell |
| Structures best demonstrated on the Towne Projection | Dorsum Sellae within the Foramen Magnum |
| Structures best demonstrated on the Lateral Projection | Sellae Turcica in Profile, Cranial halves, Orbital Plates, Clinoids ad Rami Superimposed |
| Structures best demonstrated on the Caldwell Projection | Petrous Pyramids in the lower 1/3 of the Orbit |
| Special Skull Projections | PA or AP Skull SMV Caldwell Haas (Reverse Towne) |
| Haas (Reverse Town) Special Projection Patient Position and CR | PA, OML Perpendicular to the IR, 25 Degree Cephalad, Occipital Bone is Magnified |
| Caldwell Special Projection Patient Position and CR | PA, OML & MSP perpendicular to IR, 30 degrees Caudal, Superior Orbital Fissure, Foramen Rotundum, Inferior Orbital Rim |
| SMV Special Projection Patient position and CR | Vertex of head on IR, IOML Parallel to IR, CR 3/4" Anterior to EAM & Perpendicular to IOML Petrous Pyramids posterior to mandibular condyles, Sphenoid & Ethmoid Sinuses, Foramen Ovali & Foramen Spinosum |
| Difference in Degrees between the infraorbitomeatal & orbitomeatal lines | 7-8 degrees |
| Small Irregular Bones occassionally found in the Sutures | Wormain |
| Bone that contains the Cribiform Plate | Ethmoid |
| Bone that contains the Foramen Ovale | Sphenoid |
| Bone assciated with and protects the Hypophysis Gland | Sphenoid |
| Cranial Bone that Articulates with all other Cranial Bones | Sphenoid |
| Widest portion of the cranium is formed at a level of? | Parital Tubercles |
| Lateral Juntion of eyelid | Outer Canthus |
| Posterior Angle of Jaw | Gonion |
| Corresponds to the highest (Nuchal) Line ofthe Occipital Bone | Inion |
| Located at junction of the 2 Nasal Bones & the Frontal Bone | Nasion |
| Line between the Midlateral Orbital Margin & the EAM | OML |
| Center Point of the EAM | Auricular Point |
| Positioning line that is primarily used for the modified Waters Projection | Lips-Meatal Line |
| Line used in positioning to ensure that the skull is in a true lateral position | Interpupillary line |
| Average KV for the Skull | Film 65-80 Kv Digital 70-80 Kv |
| AP Axial (Towne) Skull results in about 10x's more dose to __________ than in a PA Axial (Haas) Projection. | Thyroid |
| # of Cranium Bones | 8 |
| # of Facial Bones | 14 |
| 4 Cranial Bones that form the Calvaria (Skull) Cap | Frontal Right & Left Parietal Occipital |
| 4 Cranial Bones that form the Floor of the Cranium | Right & Left Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid |
| Small Horizontal Plate of the Ethmoid | Cribiform Plate |
| Vertical Plate of the Ethmoid Bone forming the Upper Portion of the Bony Nasal Septum | Perpendicular Plate |
| Structure found in the middle of the Sphenoid Bone that surrounds the Pituitary Gland | Sella Turcica |
| Posterior Aspect of the Sella Turcica | Dorsum Sellae |
| Which structure of the Sphenoid allows for the passage of the Optic Nerve & is the actual opening into th orbit | Optic Foramen |
| Which Structure of te Sphenoid Bone help form part of the Lateral Walls of the Nasal Cavities | Medial & Lateral Pterygoid Processes |
| Radiograph best demonstrates the Sella Turcica | Lateral |
| Aspect of Frontal Bone forms the Superior aspect of the Orbit | Orbital or Horizontal Portion |
| Cranial Surtures are________joints | Fiborous or Synarthrodial |
| Small irregular bones that sometimes develop in adult skull sutures are_________&__________bones & are most frequently found in the________suture. | Sutural & Wormian Bones, Lambdoidal Suture |
| Superior Rim of Orbit | SOM (Supraorbital Margin) |
| Notch that separates the Orbital Plates from eachother | Ethmoid Notch |
| Cranial Bones form the Upper Lateral Walls of the Calvarium | R & L Parietals |
| Cranial Bone Contains the Foramen Magnum | Occipital |
| Small Prominence located on Squamous Portion of the Occipital Bone | External Occipital Protuberance or Inion |
| 3 Aspects of Temporal Bones | Squamous Portion Mastoid Portion Petrous Portion |
| Opening of Temporal Bone serves as a Passageway for nerves of Hearing & Equilibrium | Internal Acoustic Meatus |
| Width between 75% & 80% of Length | Mesocephalic |
| Width 80% or more Length | Brachycephalic |
| Width less than 75% of length | Dolichocephalic |
| CR Angles & Degree of Rotation stated for basic skull positions are based on the ___________Skull & has a angle of _________degrees between the Midsagital Plane & long axis of the Petrous Bone. | Mesocephalic, 47 degrees |
| Long, Narrow Skull has an angle of appx ______degrees between the midsagital plane & the long axis of the Petrous Bone | +/- 40 Degrees |
| Thyroid Dose for SMV projection of skull | 200-300 mRad |
| 5 Most Common Errors made during a Skull Radiograph | Rotation Tilt Excessive Flexion Excessive Extension Incorrect CR Angle |
| What patients require a 25% - 30% reduction in mAs during skull projections | Adults w/ Osteoporosis |
| Most common neuroimaging procedure performed for the cranium is done w/ what imaging modality | CT |
| Imaging modality used on neonates w/ a possible intracranial hemorrhage | Ultrasound |
| Imaging Modality performed to evaluate patients for Alzheimer disease | NuclearMedicine |
| Basal Skull Fracture | May produce air-fluid level in Sphenoid Sinus |
| Osteolytic Neoplasm | Destructive Lesion w/ irregular margins |
| Depressed Skull Fracture | Ping Pong Fracture |
| Osteoblastic Neoplasm | Proliferative bony lesion of increased density |
| Pituitary Adenoma | Tumor that may produce erosion of the Sella Turcica |
| Multiple Myeloma | Bone tumor that originates in bone marrow |
| Pagents Disease | Osteitis Deformans May require increase in manual exposure factors |
| Which Cranial Bone is best demonstrated w/ an AP Axial (Towne Method) projection of the skull | Occipital Bone |
| When using a 30 degre caudad angle for AP Axial (Towne) projection of skull, what positioning line should be perpendicular to the IR | OML |
| Lack of Symmetry of the Petrous Ridges indicates what problem? | Rotation |
| If patient can't flex head for AP Axial (Towne), what should Tech do? | IOML perpendicular to IR 37 degrees Caudal |
| What evidence on AP Axial (Towne) indicates correct CR Angle & Correct Head Flexion | Dorsum Sellae & Posterior Clinoids visualized in Foramen Magnum |
| What positioning error if the Mandibular Rami are not superimposed on a Lateral Skull | Rotation |
| Projection where Frontal Bone has little or no distortion | PA 0 degree CR |
| CR for Lateral of Sella Turcica | 3/4" Anterior & 3/4" Superior to EAM |
| Which Imaging Modality is Best to Differentiate between an Epidural & Subdural Hemorrhage | CT |
| Projection Best Demonstrates Sella Turcica in Profile | Lateral |
| Projection Best Demonstrates Foramen Rotundum in profile | 25-30 degree PA Axial |
| Projection Best Demonstrates Clivus in profile | Lateral |
| Where does the CR exit for a PA Axial (Haas) of Skull | 1 1/2" Superior to the Naison |
| CR Angle for the AP Axial (Sella Turcica) if Dorsum Sellae & Posterior Clinoid Processes are Primary Interest | 37 degree Caudad |
| Conchae | Turbinate |
| Cranial Suture formed by inferior junction of the parietals to the temporal bone | Squamosal Surture |
| Shallow depression Posterior to Base of Dorsum Sellae & Anterior to Foramen Magnum | Clivus |
| Pituitary Gland | Hypophysis Cerebri Master Gland |
| Suture Separates Frontal Bone from 2 Parietals | Coronal Surture |
| CR for AP Axial (Towne) w/ IOML Perpendicular to IR | 37 Degrees Caudad to IOML 30 Degrees Caudad to OML |
| 2 Projections show Dorsum Sellae within Foramen Magnum | AP Axial (Towne) 30 Degrees Cephalic OML PA Axial (Haas) 25 Degrees Cephalic OML |
| Large Cartilanginous aspect of External Ear | Auricle or Pinna |
| Region where surtures join in the infant skull, soft spots | Anterior/Posterior Fontanels |
| Articulation @ Anterior end of Sagittal Surture | Bregma |
| OML | located between outer canthus & EAM |
| IOML | Connects infraorbital Margin to EAM |
| GAL | Connects Glabella to point Anterior Aspect of Alveolar process of Maxilla |
| GML | Line between Glabella & Eam |
| AML | Under Nose to EAM |
| LML | Lips to EAM |
| MML | Mental Point (Chin) to EAM |
| IPL | Connects Pupils or Outer Canthi of Eye |
| EAM | Opening of external ear canal |
| TEA | Superior attachment of the auricle where frames of eye glasses rest |
| Rotation for Lateral Skull Positioning | Rami Clinoids EAM Greater Wing of Sphenoid Petrous Pyramid Mastoid Tip (Left or Right Turn) |
| Tilt for Lateral Skull Positioning | Orbital Roof (Plate, Fontal Lines) Body of Mandible EAM Lesser Wing of Sphenoid Mastoid Tip (Chin up or don) |
| Flexion/Extension | IOML Perpendicular to Imaginary Plane at Front Edge of IR (Chin up or down) |
| RHESE Method Shows | Optic Foramen |
| 3 Major Foramen Opening | ROS Rotandum Ovale Spinosum |
| What is the best modalities used today to see the Erosion of the Sella Turcica | MRI & CT |
| Crista Galli | Holds Coverings of the Brain together |
| Junction Points | Asterion - Side Bregma - Front Lambda - Back Pterion - Side |
| Surtures | Coronal - Front Lambdoidal - Back Squamosal - Side Sagittal - Middle |
| Planes | MSP (Mid sagittal Plane) Coronal |
| Facial Landmarks | Glabella Naison IPL Acanthion Gonion Mental Point Supercilliary Arch SOG MSP |
| Lateral Landmarks | TEA Auricle (Pinna) Tragus Gonion (Angle) Acanthion Nasion Glabella |
| Exam Cranial Bleed | CT |
| Exam to determine Brain Tissue an Brainstem | MRI |
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