Genetics Lab...complete
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83 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 alterations that occur in genetic material | mutations |
| Mutations involving single nucleotides | point mutations |
| mutations involving large areas of DNA | chromosomal mutations |
| ...creates all new variations in biological systems (new alleles) | mutation |
| Mutations arising from external agents. | Induced Mutations |
| Chemicals, UV light, X-rays, are examples of these..... | induced mutations |
| Mutations involving the replacement f nucleotides in the same molecular class-purines replace purines and pyrimidines replace pyrimidines | transitions |
| mutations across molecular classes-a purine replaces a pyrimidine for example. | transversions |
| Are transitions or transversions more energetically expensive and less common to the cell? | transversions |
| What are purines? | A, G |
| What are pyrimidines? | C, T |
| Sequence used as the basis for determining mutational patterns and for testing hypotheses regarding the frequency of mutational types | Consensus sequence |
| Hypothesis that states that the physical separation of Exons afforded by the presence of introns help absorb random mutations thus reducing the rate of mutation affecting exons. | mutation buffers |
| Says Introns serve as internal DNA connectors that allow Exons to be moved between genes and are reused and needed | Exon Shuffling |
| Drosophila melanogaster is ....... | fruit fly |
| Largest fly, has stripes and oviposter | female |
| Fly with solid abdomen | male |
| Drosophila means...., melanogaster means...... | dew lover, black abdomen |
| Standard phenotype for each trait of the fly is called...... | wild type |
| Fruit flies have..... pairs of chromosomes (..N=...) | 4, 2N=8 |
| Sex determination in fruit flies is.......(presence of different sex chromosomes) but gender is dependent on actual number of...... | lygaeus, x chromosomes |
| number of offspring of each type | frequency |
| 2N organisms | diploid |
| Ratios that can change for modes other than dominant/recessive | phenotypic |
| 3:1 ration has.... phenotypes | 2 |
| If chi square is smaller than table value, you.... | fail to reject |
| If chi square is larger than table value, you.... | reject |
| Trait skips generation, may appear and disappear and reappear across generations, male and female equally affected, unaffected mating has affected offspring | Autosomal recessive |
| Usually found in every generation, males/females equally affected, affected must have affected parent and usually has affected kids | autosomal dominant |
| more males than females affected, males only need 1 copy of defective allele, affected sons receive allele on x from mothers, affected female must have affected father | x-linked recessive |
| more females than males affected, females have 2 chances to receive allele. affected must have affected parent, trait can't skip a generation. | x-linked dominant |
| limited to males only in humans, affected must have affected father, very rare since few loci are carried on y | holandric (y-linked) |
| series of questions where the answers lead the user to final identification | dichotomous keys |
| Dihybrid backcross generates assortment ratio....... under..... | 1:1:1:1, independent assortment |
| Rejection of hypothesis says the two loci are ...... | linked |
| The pair with the largest number is the.... | NCO |
| the pair with the smallest number is the .... | DCO |
| Do linked loci follow independent assortment? | NO |
| Generates DNA level genotypes for up to 6 loci | Electrophoresis learning system |
| Radioactive material in each fragment releases energy that results in a spot or band appearing at that location on X-ray film. This is called.... | autoradiography |
| X-ray film patterns are called.... | autorads |
| If there is one band on an autorad, the individual is...... Two band and individual is.... | homozygous, heterozygous |
| Story of child who died in titanic. They extracted DNA from its tooth and femur | Our babe |
| massive repository that is completely free and can be searched using a variety of methods | genbank |
| allows a researcher to determine the precise order of nucleotide in a DNA fragment | DNA sequencing |
| replication in a test tube with one faulty ingredient added on purpose | chain termination |
| merger of computer science, math, and biology into a new field whose goal is to develop methods to efficiently extract info from data | bioinformatics |
| Provide energy for cell function | mitochondria |
| Mitochondria's dna is called | mtDNA |
| mtDNA is passed along...... lineages | maternal |
| mtDNA is ....stranded and .... (shape) | double, circular |
| branching diagrams that summarize relationships among objects | dendograms |
| area of biology with cladistics and phenetics | systematics |
| group of methods that rely on changes in single characters as the basis for grouping taxa. | cladistics |
| focus on overall similarity or difference among groups | phenetics |
| represent regions within that transcriptional unit that are used during translocation/protein synthesis | open reading frames |
| stop codons are.... | TAA, TAG, TGA |
| genetic info flows ...to....to... | DNA to RNA to Amino Acids (proteins) |
| n=4 | haploid |
| 2n=8 | diploid |
| Aa x Aa | monohybrid |
| AaBb x AaBb | dihybrid |
| Same in males and females | autosomal |
| determined by gene or genes on sex chromosome | sex-linked |
| encoded by autosomal genes more present in one sex | sex-influenced |
| expressed only in one sex | sex-limited |
| phenotype of male and female parents reversed | reciprocal crosses |
| parent crossed with F1 | backcrosses |
| cross between unknown genotype and one with homozygous recessive genotype | test cross |
| Based on what does DNA separate in gel electrophoresis? | size, charge |
| In three point crosses, how many total outcomes are there? | 8 |
| the one that moves in the double crossover is the one that is located in the...... | middle |
| Microsatellites are always ..... | co-dominant |
| ratio like 3:1, 2:1...something to 1 (1 trait at a time) | segregation |
| when you multiply traits together (ex. 9:3:3:1) | assortment |
| How do you test sex linkage? | reciprocal cross |
| Ratio for incomplete dominance | 1:2:1 |
| Ratio for recessive lethal | 2:1 |
| If it assorts independently, is it linked? | no |
| In gel electrophoresis, you heat the DNA to make it _____ ____ | single stranded |
| The microsatellites used in the electrophoresis exercise are _____ repeats | di-nucleotide |
| Are microsatellite regions variable? | yes |
| Start codon | ATG |
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