A&P II Final
About this set
Created by:
ebellis on December 2, 2010
Subjects:
reproductive system, urinary system & reproduction systems
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208 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 gonads | primary sex organs |
| what are the primary human gonads? | testes and ovaries |
| gametes | produce sex cells |
| androgens | secrete male steroid sex hormones |
| estrogen and progesterone | female steroid sex hormones |
| ducts, glands, and external genitalia | accessory reproductive organs |
| role of sex hormones | development and function of the reproductive organs sexual behavior and drives growth and development and many other organs and tissues |
| testes | located within the scrotum; produce sperm |
| how are sperm delivered? | sperm are delivered to the exterior through a system of ducts- epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra |
| accessory glands of the male reproductive system | seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands; these secretions are emptied into ducts during ejaculation |
| The scrotum | a sac of skin and superficial fascia; hangs outsid the abdominopelvic cavity; contains paired testes; is 3 degrees lower that core body temp. (temp. necessary for sperm production.) |
| the scrotum | the temp is kept constant by 2 sets of muscles; smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin is the dartal muscle |
| cremaster muscles | elevate the scrotum |
| the testes | surrounded by 2 tunics: tunica vaginalis tunica albuginea |
| tunica vaginalis | derived by the peritoneum |
| tunica albuginea | a fibrous capsule surrounding the testes |
| septa | divide the testis into 250-300 lobules, each contains seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production) |
| where are sperm conveyed through? | seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis |
| where does the blood supply to the testes come from? | Blood supply comes from the testicular arteries and testicular veins |
| What encloses nerver fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes? | the spermatic cord |
| What produces androgens? | The interstitial (Leydig) cells outside the seminiferous tubules produce androgens. |
| What are the the external genitalia of the male? | the external genitalia of the male are the scrotum and the penis |
| What is the male copulatory organ? | penis |
| What does the penis consist of? | the penis consists of the root and shaft that ends in the glans penis, prepuce, or foreskin, and the crura |
| What is the prepuce or forskin? | the cuff of loose skin covering the glans penis |
| What is a circumcision? | A circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis |
| What is the crura? | The proximal end surrounded by the ischocavernousus muscle; anchors penis to the pubic arch. |
| What is the makeup of the penis? | the penis is composed of the spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue (it is a spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces) |
| What is an erection? | the erectile tissue fills with blood causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid |
| parts of the male duct system | epidiymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra |
| head of the epididymis | contains the efferent ductules |
| duct of the epididymis | microvilli (sterocilia) absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm |
| nonmotile sperm | enter the duct of the epididymis-slowly pass through and become motile |
| what happens to the epididymis during ejaculation | the epididymis contracts expelling sperm into the ductus deferens |
| location of the ductus deferens | passes through the inguinal canal |
| ductus deferens | expands to form the ampulla and then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct and propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra |
| vasectomy | cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control |
| urethra | conveys both urine and semen @ different times |
| 3 regions of the urethra | 1 prostatic urethra, 2 membranous urethra, 3 spongy penile urethra |
| seminal vesicles | accessory gland of the male reproductive system; produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid; is 70% of volume of semen; joins the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct |
| contents of the viscous alkaline seminal fluid | fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase) and prostiglandins |
| Prostate | accessory gland of the male reproductive system; encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder; secretes a milky , slightly acid fluid |
| Prostate fluid | prostate fluid contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen; plays a role in the activation of sperm; enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation |
| bulbourethral glands | aka- Cowper's Glands; pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate; prior to ejaculation, produce a thick, clear mucus; lubricates the glans penis; neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra |
| semen | contains a mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions |
| contents of semen | contains nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates their movement |
| prostaglandins in semen | decrease the viscosity of mucous in the cervix; stimulates peristalsis in the uterus |
| Alkalinity of semen | neutralizes the acid in the male urethra and the female vagina; antibiotic chemicals destroy certain bacteria;clotting factors coagulate just after ejaculation, then fibrinolysin; only 2-5 ml of semen are ejaculated |
| erection | the enlargement and stiffening of the penis from the engorgement of erectile tissue with blood; initiated by sexual stimuli including- touch and mechanical stimulation of the penis; erotic sights, sounds and smells; and can be induced or inhibited by emotions or higher mental activity |
| zygote | a fertilized egg is called a/an __ when the chromosomes of both parents have mingled to form a diploid set. |
| embryo | when the three primary germ layers have formed, an individual is at a stage of development called the __ |
| trophoblastic | For the first 8 weeks after ovulation, a conceptus depends primarily on __ nutrition. |
| chorionic villi | A conceptus is anchored to the endometrium by rootlike outgrowths of the syncytiotrophoblast called ___ |
| ductus arteriosus | Most fetal blood in the pulmonary trunk follows a shunt to the aorta called the __ instead of circulating through the lungs. |
| surfactant | Respiratory distress syndrom results from a deficiency of pulmonary __ in the lungs of a premature infant. |
| congenital anomaly | Any abnormality present at birth is called a _____. |
| senescence | Degenerative change in an organ resulting from aging is called __. |
| false | The yolk sac is a vestigial structure with no known function in humans. |
| capacitation | Which term can be described as the process by which spermatozoa become capable of fertilizing and egg? |
| blastomere | Which term describes the cells produced by cleavage of the zygote? |
| teratogen | Which term can be described as any agent that causes anatomical birth defects? |
| Turner Syndrome | Which term can be described as the results from an XO condition in the zygote? |
| progeria | Which term can be described as the syndrome in which senescence is greatly accelerated? |
| the ductus venosus | Most fetal blood bypasses the liver by way of a shunt called __ |
| Klinefelter syndrome | An XXY combination of sex chomomsomes produces an individual with |
| senescence of the sebaceous glands | The skin and hair become drier in old age because of |
| the placenta | The embryonic membranes include all of the following except |
| zygote, cleavage, morula, trophoblast, embryo, fetus | Which of these lists the stages of prenatal development in the correct order? |
| lanugo | The fine hair on the body of a 5-month-old fetus is |
| 6 weeks | The neonatal period of life is considered to extend to an age of |
| umbilical vein | The round ligament of the adult liver is a remnant of the __ of the fetus. |
| the accumulation of CO2 in the blood | During or immediately after birth, an infant is normally stimulated to breathe by |
| usually develop benign prostatic hyperplasia | Urine retention is a greater problem for elderly men that for elderly women because men |
| it consists of about 16 to 32 cells | When a developing individual arrives in the uterus |
| meconium | The fetal colon accumulates thick, tarry feces called |
| the amnion | Which of the following is closest to the fetus? |
| 8 weeks | An individual becomes a fetus at the end of __ weeks of gestation. |
| Klinefelter syndrome | A sterile male with undeveloped testes, overdeveloped breasts, and unusually long arms and legs is most likely to have |
| 12 to 24 | In order for an egg to survive, it must be fertilized within __ hours of ovulation. |
| zygote | Which one of the below is a diploid (2n)? |
| monozygotic; dizygotic | Twins produced when a single egg is fertilized are called __ twins, and twins produced from two eggs that are ovulated are called __ twins. |
| blastocyst | The morula lies free in the uterine cavity fcor four to five days, At about 100 cells, the zona pellucida disintegrates and releases the conceptus. The stage is now called the |
| part of the placenta; the embryo | In the blastocyst, the trophoblast will become __, and the embroblast will become __. |
| 6;1 | Implantation begins about __ days after ovulation and is completed in about __ week (s). |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG); chorion | The trophoblast secretes __ and develops into a membrane called the __. |
| ectopic | If the blastocyst implants in the uterine tube instead of the uterus, the pregnancy is called |
| 14 to 15 weeks | In amniocentesis, a sample of amniotic fluid is removed, and the fetal cells are analyzed,. Over 20 congenital conditions can be identified by this procedure. Amniocentesis is best done during what time frame of pregnancy? |
| ectoderm | The epidermis, nervous system, pituitary, internal and internal ear are derived from the __. |
| endoderm | The epithelia of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and accessory reproductive and digestive system glands are derived from __. |
| ductus venosus; ductus arteriosus | In the fetal circulation, the __ bypasses the liver, and the __ bypasses the lungs |
| phenylketonuria | A newborn infant is screened for this disorder, which prevents the individual from producing the amino acid tyrosine, a critical amino acid for the formation of melanin, EP, NE, thyroid hormones and dopamine. |
| IgG; IgA | The immune reponses of a neonate are weak. However, the mother supplies __ through the placenta and __ through the colostrum. |
| bilirubin | Jaundice is common in prenates, especially premature babies because of the buildup in the blood of |
| ovulation | The release of an egg from the ovary is called __. |
| cervix | The constricted part of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina is called the __. |
| implantation | Attachment of the conceptus to the uterine wall is called __. |
| Inhibin | __ Is a hormone secreted by the ovary that selectively suppresses FSH secretion. |
| follicular | Follicles and oocytes develop during a portion of the ovarian cycle called the ___ phase. |
| progesterone | In the luteal phase, the ovaries secrete mainly ___, which stimulates glycogen synthesis and mucus secretion in the uterus. |
| vomiting | Hyperemesis gravidarum is a state of severe __ early in pregnancy. |
| giving birth | Parturition is the process of__. |
| true | An adolescent girl's growth of axillary hair and apocrine glands is stimulated by androgens. |
| true | Most girls do not ovulate during the first year of menstration. |
| true | Estrogen is a hormone that increases the incidence of certain types of breast cancer. |
| true | A woman's blood cholesterol tends to rise after menopause. |
| uterine tube | Which term can be described as the site of fertilization? |
| anterior pituitary | Which term can be describes as the source of prolactin and lutinizing hormones? |
| larche | Development of a girl's breasts at puberty is called |
| corpus luteum | The second half of the menstral cycle is regulated largely by |
| HCG | Pregnancy tests are based on the detection of ___ in the urine. |
| the mons pubis | Which of these is not included in the female vestibule? |
| greater vestibular | The__ glands of the female are homologus to the bulbourethral glands of the male. |
| the fundus | The superior curvature of the uterus is called |
| LH | Ovulation is triggered by: |
| GnRH secretion | All of the following processes are important in follicular development. Which one occurs first? |
| endometrial necrosis | Which of these is a consequence of the ischemic phase of the uterine cycle? |
| cryptochidism | Sterility may result from uncorrected __, or undescended testes. |
| seminiferous tubules | Spermatozoa are produced in minute ducts called__. |
| epididymis | Until ejaculation, most sperm are stored in the __. |
| prostate | About 30% of the semen is produced by the __, a medial gland that encloses part of the urethra. |
| systentacular sertoli | The blood- testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between the __ cells of the testis. |
| acrosome | A sperm penetrates an egg by means of enzymes from its __. |
| false | The testes and ovaries are collectively called the gametes. |
| true | The male scrotum is homologous to the female labia majora. |
| true | Sperm heads are embedded in the sustentacular cells until the spermatozoa are mature. |
| mesonephrenic duct | Which term can be described as the Embryonic precursor of the male reproductive tract? |
| nitric acid | The inability to produce __ would result in impotence. |
| beard | Which term can be described as a male secondary sex characteristic? |
| spermatic cord | Which term can be described as the cord that guides the descending testes into the fetal scrotum? |
| production of the larger gamete | When all sexually reproducing species of animals are considered, the one characteristic that most defines a female is __. |
| the sperm | The genetic sex of a child is determined by __. |
| uterus | Which of the following is/are female secondary sex organ(s)? |
| causes regression of the parameonephric ducts | Mullerian-inhibiting factor __. |
| the Y chromosome | Testis-determining factor is found in or on __. |
| testosterone | Which of the following is an androgen? |
| the efferent tubules | To get from the testis to the epididymis, sperm must pass through ___. |
| prostate gland(s) | Men only have one ___ but two of all of the rest of these. |
| the pampiform plexus | The heat exchanger that prevents afferent blood from overheating the testes is__. |
| midpiece | Mitochondria are found in the __ of the spermatozoon. |
| the prepuce | The foreskin of the penis is called __. |
| the epididymis | Until ejaculation, sperm are stored mainly in ___. |
| a primary spermatocyte | The cell in spermatogenesis that undergoes meosis I is __. |
| acrosome | A spermatozoon secretes enzymes from its __ to penetrate the egg. |
| fructose | The energy for sperm motility comes from __. |
| azotemia | __ is the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood. |
| nephron | Each kidney has one million or more functional units called __. |
| aldosterone | __ is a hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule. |
| ADH antidiurethic hormone | __ is a hormone that regulates water permeability of the collecting duct. |
| glomerulus | Urine formation begins with the filtration of fluid from a spheroid capillary bed called the ___. |
| tubular secretion | ___ is a process in which the renal tubules remove wastes from the blood and add them to the tubular fluid. |
| ureter | Urine is conveyed from the kidney to the bladder by a tube called the ___. |
| sacral micturition | The__ reflex involuntarily empties the bladder unless one consciously suppresses urination. |
| juxtaglomular | The __ apparatus monitors the composition and concentration of the tubular fluid and adjusts the glomular filtration rate. |
| true | The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about the same amount of water regardless of the body's state of hydration. |
| false | Urine is always hypertonic to the blood plasma. |
| true | The visceral layer of the glomular capsule is composed of podocytes. |
| true | Voluntary control over urination employs the external urinary sphincter. |
| podocyte foot process | Which term can be described as having spaces called glomerular filtration slits between them? |
| nephon loop | Which term can be described as a countercurrent multiplier? |
| specific gravity | Which term can be described as the weight of urine per milliliter relative to the weight of distilled water per milliliter? |
| polyureia | Which term can be described as excessive urine output? |
| detrusor muscle | Which term can be described as the muscularis of the urinary bladder? |
| urea | The most abundant nitrogenous waste of the blood is |
| collecting duct | Which is these is not part of a nephron? |
| glucose | Urine normally contains all of the following except ? |
| the renal pelvis | If we follow the ureter into the kidney, we find that the first structure to arise from it is |
| the vasa recta | The blood vessels of the renal medulla that run alongside that nephron loops are __. |
| the urinary bladder | The trigone is a triangular region of__. |
| afferent arteriole | There is one __ for each nephron. |
| the glomerular filtration rate | The total amount of fluid entering the capsular spaces of all nephrons in a given time is called |
| the proximal convoluted tubule | Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by __. |
| sodium, potassium, and chloride ions but not water | The thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to __. |
| albuminuria | Kidne damage can cause __, the excretion of protein in the urine. |
| hypertonic urine | If not for the countercurrent multiplier, the kidneys could not produce ___. |
| afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole | Blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusuallu high compared to the other capillaries because the diameter of the ___ is greater that of the ___. |
| renin | The first step leading to angiotensin II production is the secretion of __ by the kidneys. |
| vasoconstricion of the afferent arteriole | Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? |
| hypertension | Atrial natriuretic factor is secreted in response to __. |
| glomerular filtration rate | A realistic value for __ is about 180 L/day. |
| penicillin is removed from the blood by tubular secretion | The rate of renal clearance of penicillin is greater that the glomerular filtration rate. This suggests that __. |
| erythropoietin | The kidneys secrete the hormone___, which stimulates RBC production. |
| stimulates the formation of angiontensin I, which ultimately increases blood pressure | The kidneys secrete the enzyme renin, which____. |
| t12 to L3; right | The kidneys are located at levels __ vertebrae, and the __ kidney is more inferior because of the space occupied by the liver above it. |
| papillary duct- minor calyx- major calyx- renal pelvis | Trace urine from the collecting duct of the nephron to the ureter. |
| distal convoluted tubule-DCT | This tubule has a simple cuboidal epithelium nearly devoid of microvilli. |
| afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole | The __ feeds into the glomerulus and the ___ drains the glomerulus. |
| juxtamedullary; 15 | the concentration gradient is maintained in the renal medulla by __ nephrons, which make up __ % of the nephrons |
| efferent; a smaller | tje glomerulus has the highest blood hydrostatic pressure of any capillary bed in the body because it is drained by the __ arteriole, which has __ diameter that the arteriole feeding the glomerulus. |
| albumin | Which molecule would you expect to have the most difficulty crossing the glomerular filtration membrane? |
| kidney trauma or infection | You found a high level of albumin in the urine. This was most likely caused by___. |
| 125 | The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is about __ mL/min. |
| renin; increase blood pressure | A low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will cause the juxtaglomerular cells to release __, which will __. |
| intracellular fluid | The liquid contained within the cells is called ---. |
| metabolic water | Water that is chemically sythesized by the body is called a-- to distinguish it from ingested water. |
| thirst center | The hypothalamus has a nucleus callsed the __ that stimulates water intake and inhibits salivation. |
| edema | A local accumulation of interstitial fluid is called__. |
| potassium ions | Hyperkalemia is an abnormally high concentration of __ in the blood. |
| buffer | A chemical that converts a strong acid or base to a weak one and thus resists pH changes is called a/an __. |
| acidosis | A blool pH below 7.35 is called ___. |
| uncompensated | An acid-base imbalance that the body cannot correct is said to be __. |
| true | About 2/3 's of the total water is intracellular. |
| true | The amount of water lost by way of the respiratory system is greater in cold weather than in hot weather. |
| true | Abnormal loss of protein in the urine can lead to edema. |
| sensible water loss = 1500 mL/day | Which term can be described as the average urine output? |
| water of oxidation 200mL/day | Which term can be described as the average production of metabolic water? |
| bicarbonate buffer system | Which term can be described as the buffers most responsible for stabilizing the pH of the blood? |
| phosphate buffer system | Which term can be described as the buffer in the renal tubules that supplements the action of bicarbonate ions? |
| alkalosis | Which term can be described as the result for an excess of bicarbonate ions? |
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