AP Psych - Ch 7: Memory
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steph_and_knee_kayayo on December 3, 2010
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Ch 7: Memory
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64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Afterimage | A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed. |
| Amnesia | A significant memory loss that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. See also Anterograde amnesia, Retrograde amnesia. |
| Anterograde amnesia | Loss of memories for events that occur after a head injury. |
| Attention | Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events. |
| Chunk | A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit. |
| Clustering | The tendency to remember similar or related items in groups. |
| Cognition | The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. |
| Conceptual hierarchy | A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items. |
| Connectionist models | See parallel distributed processing (PDP) models. |
| Consolidation | A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory. |
| Decay theory | The idea that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time. |
| Declarative memory system | Memory for factual information. |
| Dual-coding theory | Paivio's theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall. |
| Elaboration | Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding. |
| Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) | Sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it. |
| Encoding | Forming a memory code. |
| Encoding specificity principle | The idea that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code. |
| Episodic memory system | Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences. |
| Explicit memory | Intentional recollection of previous experiences. |
| Flashbulb memories | Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events. |
| Forgetting curve | A graph showing retention and forgetting over time. |
| Hindbrain | The part of the brain that includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons. |
| Hindsight bias | The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out. |
| Implicit memory | Type of memory apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering. |
| Interference theory | The idea that people forget information because of competition from other material. |
| Introspection | Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience. |
| Keyword method | A mnemonic technique in which one associates a concrete word with an abstract word and generates an image to represent the concrete word. |
| Levels-of-processing theory | The theory holding that deeper levels of mental processing result in longer-lasting memory codes. |
| Link method | Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together. |
| Long-term memory (LTM) | An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time. |
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) | A long-lasting increase in neural excitability in synapses along a specific neural pathway. |
| Method of loci | A mnemonic device that involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations. |
| Mnemonic devices | Strategies for enhancing memory. |
| Motivated forgetting | Purposeful suppression of memories. |
| Nondeclarative memory system | Memory for actions, skills, and operations. |
| Overlearning | Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it. |
| Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models | Models of memory that assume cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks. Also called connectionist models. |
| Parallel processing | Simultaneously extracting different kinds of information from the same input. |
| Proactive interference | A memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information. |
| Procedural memory system | The repository of memories for actions, skills, and operations. |
| Prospective memory | The ability to remember to perform actions in the future. |
| Reality monitoring | The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (our perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (our thoughts and imaginations). |
| Recall | A memory test that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues. |
| Recognition | A memory test that requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options. |
| Relearning | A memory test that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before. |
| Repression | Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. |
| Retention | The proportion of material retained (remembered). |
| Retrieval | Recovering information from memory stores. |
| Retroactive interference | A memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information. |
| Retrograde amnesia | Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to a head injury. |
| Retrospective memory | The ability to remember events from the past or previously learned information. |
| Schema | An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events. |
| Script | A type of schema that organizes what people know about common activities. |
| Self-referent encoding | Deciding how or whether information is personally relevant. |
| Semantic memory system | General knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned. |
| Semantic network | Concepts joined together by links that show how the concepts are related. |
| Sensory memory | The preservation of information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second. |
| Serial-position effect | In memory tests, the fact that subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle. |
| Short-term memory (STM) | A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds. |
| Source monitoring | The process of making attributions about the origins of memories. |
| Source-monitoring error | An error that occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source. |
| Storage | Maintaining encoded information in memory over time. |
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | A temporary inability to remember something accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach. |
| Transfer-appropriate processing | The situation that occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measures of attention. |
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