BIO 210 (Lecture UNIT #5) CH 14: Autonomic Nervous System

Terms	Definitions
preganglionic	"before the ganglion"; referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia
sympathetic postganglionic	ALMOST always releases norepinephrine
autonomic sensory neurons	the main input to the ans comes from what?
dual innervation	having both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
adrenergic	are EPSP or IPSP, sympathetic, , sympathetic, 5 types, derived from the adrenal gland, nerves that release epinephrine or NE
ANS	the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
adrenal gland	Secretes adrenaline (epinephrine)
nicotine	ACh antagonist
cholinergic sympathetic	innervation to most sweat glands and effector cells
cholinergic	a term relating to nerves that release acetylcholine.
somatic motor	"voluntary' nervous system: conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles causing them to contract.
ans effectors	cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
sns effectors	skeletal muscle
postganglionic dendrites	release ACh or norepinephrine
AChE	enzyme that breaks down ACh, which shuts down stimulation of muscle fibers and allows relaxation
muscarinic	type of cholinergic receptor found in smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands.
sweat glands	Some are activated by muscartinic and some are activated by alpharinic
nicotinic and muscarinic	parasympathetic receptors
adrendergic receptors	NE prefers to bind to which receptor type
alpha 1 and beta 1	EPSP, adrenergic
brown fatty babies	beta 3 receptors increase thermogenensis
agonists and antagonists	mimics and blocks
increases heart rate and blood pressure	NE on cardiac
craniosacral	parasympathetic division
slows down the heartrate	parasympathetic on heart
MAO/COMT	Breakdowns Norepinephrine
agonistic adrenergic	a drug, or other substance, which has effects similar to, or the same as, epinephrine (adrenaline)
autonomic reflexes	control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands to maintain homeostasis
hypothalamus	control center for the autonomic nervous system
thoracolumbar	sympathetic division
adrenergic neurons and receptors	epsp/ipsp with ach and/or NE
alpha 2 and beta 2	IPSP, adrenergic
The autonomic nervous system regulates..	smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
sympathetic	EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential)
sympathetic	ALMOST always releases norepinephren
chromaffin cells	secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine; sympathetic
parasympathetic	postganglionic generally release ACh to target tissues
efferent part of ANS is..	divided
ANS neurotransmitters	cholinergic (sensitive to ACh), Nicotinic and Muscarinic recepters (both named after poisons), and effector cell
Muscarinic	Named after poisonous mushrooms
Sweat Glands	Some are activated by muscartinic and some are activated by alpharinic
cholinergenic neurons and receptors	parasympathetic: ach onto nicotinics
nicotinic receptors	causes EPSPs, found in dendrites & cell bodies of autonomic cells and NMJ
muscarinic receptors	EPSP or IPSP depending on the receptor, found on all parasympathetic effectors
adrenergic neurons and receptors	sympathetic, 5 types, derived from the adrenal gland
norepinephrine	lingers at the synapse until enxymatically inactivated by MAO, and also COMT
Adrenergic	Alpha 1 and Beta 1, Alpha 2 and Beta 2, Beta 3 receptors
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 receptors	EPSP turns heart on
Sweat Glands	Sympathetic --> ACh --> muscarinic to body
Sweat Glands	Sympathetic --> NE ---> Alpha 1 receptors ---> palms and feet (EPSP)
parasympathetic responses	enhance rest and digest activities, normally dominate over sympathetic
organophosphates poison	ACh:E - prevents from destroying Ach which causes parasympathetic reactions to increase.
autonomic nervous system	operates via reflex arcs
autonomic sensory neurons	the main input to the ans comes from..
interoceptors	sensory receptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system that monitor conditions in the internal environment.
example of interoceptors	chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors	monitor blood co2 level
mechanoreceptors	detect the degree of stretch in the walls of organs or blood vessles
autonomic motor neurons	regulate visceral activities by increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities in their effector tissues (cardiac, smooth, glands).
examples of autonomic motor responses	changes in diameter of pupil, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, and adjustment of rate and force of the heartbeat
biofeedback	Process of learning to control one's bodily states with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled.
effector	smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
chromaffin cells	make epinephrine and norepinephrine in adrenal medulla
dual innervation	they receive impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.
autonomic motor neurons vs. somatic motor neurons	autonomic motor neurons release iether ach or norepinephrine, somatic motr neurons release only ach.
somatic nervous system vs. autonomic nervous system	somatic always excites it effectors, ans either excites or inhibits its visceral effectors
The autonomic nervous system regulates..	smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
preganglionic	always dumps out ACh
postganglionic	dumps out norepinephrine or ACh
interreceptors	info that is not coming in to your conscious awareness; such as blood pH or blood pressure
sympathetic	EPSP
sympathetic	ALMOST always releases norepinephren
chromaffin cells	secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine; sympathetic
parasympathetic	postganglionic generally release ACh to target tissues
efferent part of ANS is..	divided
sympathetic division	fight or flight
parasympathetic division	resting and digesting
reproduction	need parasympathetic and sympathetic
'P' to point up and 'S' to shoot it out	reproduction mnemonic
sympathetic	leaves ganglion to target tissues (cardiac, smooth, glands)
parasympathetic	nerves come from the cranial nerves and sacral nerves.
ANS neurotransmitters	cholinergic (sensitive to ACh), Nicotinic and Muscarinic recepters (both named after poisons), and effector cell
Nicotinic	Named after tobacco plant, creates pleasurable sensations in the human brain
Muscarinic	Named after poisonous mushrooms
Nicotinic	All motor end plates are...
Sweat Glands	Some are activated by muscartinic and some are activated by alpharinic
cholinergenic neurons and receptors	parasympathetic: ach onto nicotinics
nicotinic receptors	causes EPSPs, found in dendrites & cell bodies of autonomic cells and NMJ
muscarinic receptors	EPSP or IPSP depending on the receptor, found on all parasympathetic effectors
adrenergic neurons and receptors	sympathetic, 5 types, derived from the adrenal gland
norepinephrine	lingers at the synapse until enxymatically inactivated by MAO, and also COMT
MAO	breaks down epinephrine
Adrenergic	Alpha 1 and Beta 1, Alpha 2 and Beta 2, Beta 3 receptors
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 receptors	EPSP turns heart on
Alpha 2 and Beta 2 receptors	IPSP turns guts off
Beta 3 receptors	brown fat: increases thermogenesis (burning calories to produce body heat)
Sweat Glands	Sympathetic --> ACh --> muscarinic to body
Sweat Glands	Sympathetic --> NE ---> Alpha 1 receptors ---> palms and feet (EPSP)
parasympathetic responses	enhance rest and digest activities, normally dominate over sympathetic
parasympathetic mneumonic	SLUDD - salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defacation
organophosphates poison	ACh:E - prevents from destroying Ach which causes parasympathetic reactions to increase.
primary target organs of ANS	- viscera of the thoracic cavity viscera of the abdominal cavity cutaneous blood vessels sweat gland piloerector muscles
autonomic nervous system	motor nervous system that controls the level of stimulation to glands, cardiac muscle & smooth muscle; a.k.a. visceral motor system/ a.k.a. visceral reflexes
visceral reflexes	unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation; response is slower as stimulation isn't usually life-threatening
visceral reflex arc	Recently Amy Imagined Eating Eel (& reflexively gagged) Receptors → Afferent → Interneurons → Efferent → Effectors
sympathetic division	adapts body for physical activity; usually increases needed responses in "fight or flight" scenarios; located in thoracolumbar division of spinal cord
parasympathetic division	has calming affect on body functions
autonomic motor pathway	cross two neurons with a synapse in one of 3 ganglion
preganglionic neuron	soma in CNS, axon terminates in ganglion at synapse; uses ACh as neurotransmitter; a.k.a. short neurons
postganglionic neuron	soma in ganglion, axon extends to target cells; can uses ACh or NE as neurotransmitter; a.k.a. long neurons
sympathetic chain ganglia	longitudinal series of ganglia adjacent to the cervical to coccygeal level of vertebral column
collateral ganglia	between postganglionic neuron & organs
adrenal cortex	one of 2 glands comprising an adrenal gland; outer core that secretes steroid hormones
adrenal medulla	inner core making up a sympathetic ganglion; modified postganglionic neurons w/o dendrites or axons that secrete NE and epinephrine
2 neurotransmitters released by adrenals	epinephrine and norepinephrine
3 collateral ganglia	celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
parasympathetic nerves	oculomotor (III) facial (VII) glossopharyngeal (IX) vagus (X)
enteric nervous system	regulates esophagus movement, stomach & intestines and secretion of digestive enzymes; regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
cholinergic fibers	secrete or respond to acetylcholine ACh; preganglionic fibers of both systems, postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic
adrenergic fibers	secret or respond to norepinephrine NE; postganglionic fibers of sympathetic
muscarinic receptor	cholinergic receptor; all cardiac smooth mus. and glands that recieve cholinergic have these receptors. ach excites intes. sm mus. by bing to the type of rec. and inhibits other by binding to a diff type
nicotonic receptor	cholinergic recpetor. cells of adrenal med. end of neurons junc of skeltelat mus. always excitatoy. occur at all synapses in autonomic ganglia where pregangl. neurons stim. postganglionic cells
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?	Consists of motor neurons that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands. Operate via subconcious control.
What neurotransmitter is realeased by all somatic motor neurons?	ACh, Acetylcholine.
What effect does ACh have?	Excitatory.
What do Preganglionic Fibers Release?	ACh.
What do Postganglionic Fibers Release?	Norepinephrine or ACh, and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory.
How does the ANS effect a target organ?	Depending upon the neurotransmitter released and the receptor types of the effector.
What are the divisions of the ANS?	Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?	Mobilizes the body during extreme situations.
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?	Performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy.
What do the two divisions of the ANS do for eachother?	Counterbalance.
What is the role of the Parasympathetic Division?	Concerned with keeping body energy use low. Involves D activities - Digestion, defecation and diuresis. Feed and Breed or Rest and Digest. Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes after a meal - Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low as gastrointestinal tract activity is high.
What is the role of the Sympathetic Division?	Fight or flight system. Involves E Activities - exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment. Promotes adjustments during exercise - blood flow to organs is reduced, flow to muscles is increased. Its activity is illustrated by a person who is threatend.
What is Sympathetic Outflow?	Arises from spinal cord segments T1 - L2. Sympathetic neurons produce the lateral horns of the spinal cord.
What are the Visceral Reflexes?	Have the same elements as somatic relfexes. But they are always polysnaptic pathways (they have two motor neurons).
What are two major neurotranismitters of the ANS?	ACh and NE - Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine.
What are Cholinergic Receptors?	ACH releasing fibers. The two types of receptors that bind ACh are nicotinic and muscarinic.
What are Nicotinic Receptors?	Found in motor end plates (somatic targets). All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla. The effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory.
What are Musarinic Receptors?	Occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers (all paraympathetic target organs and a few sympathetic (EX: eccrine sweat glands). ACh binding can be either inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the receptor type of the target organ. Cardiac - Inhibits, GI - Excites.
What are Adrenergic Receptors?	Sympathetic postganglioninc axons that release NE. Alpha and beta. Alpha receptors are generally stimulatory. Beta receptors are generally in hibitory. A notable exception - NE binding to beta receptors of the heart is stimulatory.
Somatic Nervous System	-Somatic sensory neurons provide input from receptors of the somatic senses (tactile, thermal, pain, proprioception) from throughout the body as well as from receptors for the SPECIAL senses located in the nose, ear, eye and mouth. -VOLUNTARY -Uses one motor neuron that extends all the way from the CNS and synapse directly with their effector, a SKELETAL MUSCLE. -Release the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh), that causes excitation, which causes muscle contraction.
What are the 2 main divisions of the Peripherial Nervous System	Somatic Nervous system and the Autonomic Nervous system
3 locations from which the ANS receives sensory signals	1. Interoceptors, located in blood vessels and visceral organs(heart, lungs, stomach and intestines, kidneys, & bladder) 2. receptors located in special sense organs (nose, eye, mouth and ear) 3. receptors in skeletal muscles and joints to relay senses of muscle tension, body position and pain.
Autonomic Nervous System	-INVOLUNTARY -Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions
Parasympathetic Division	Operates to maintain homeostasis. This system predominates when the body is between periods of exercise to support the body functions that conserve and restore body energy. "Rest and Digest" response
Sympathetic Division	Prepares the body for increased levels of somatic activity. Operates in life threatening situations or when experiencing periods of stress, to return the body to a state of homeostasis. "fight or flight" response.
the 2 motor neurons of the Autonomic Nervous System	Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons
Autonomic Ganglion	Where the first motor neuron(preganglionic) usually synapse with the second neuron(postganglionic).
Preganglionic Motor Neuron	Always releases the neorotransmitter Acetylcholine to excite the neuron.
Postganglionic Motor neuron	releases either Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine (NE). The response at the effector tissue may either be excitatory (muscle contraction) or inhibitory (muscle relaxation).
Dual Innervation	receive Autonomic nerve impulses form both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Structure of the Sympathetic Division	-Preganglionic nerve fibers originate in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord and exit through the anterior root of the spinal nerves from L1 to L3. -synapse with postganglionic nerves in autonomic ganglia that are situated close to the vertebral column and therefore to the CNS. -together they are called the sympathetic trunk ganglia -the neurons have SHORT preganglionic fibers, and LONG postganglionic fibers. -Distributed throughout the body, including the skin.
Structure of the Parasympathetic Division	-Preganglionic nerve fibers originate in 2 different locations: 1. gray matter of the brain stem and exit through some of the cranial nerves 2. lateral gray horns of the lower spinal cord and exit through the anterior nerve root of spinal nerves S2 to S4. -synapse with Postganglionic nerves in TERMINAL ganglia that are located close to the final target tissue. -the neurons have LONG preganglionic fibers, and SHORT postganglionic fibers. -Distributed primarily to the head and viscera (organs) of the thorax and abdomen.
Autonomic Plexuses	Tangled network of nerves formed byautonomic nerves, they include...1.Cardiac 2.Pulmonary 3.Celiac (or Solar) 4.Mesentric 5.Renal.
Cardiac Plexus	Plexus that Supplies the Heart
Pulmonary Plexus	Plexus that Supplies the Bronchial tree
Celiac ( or Solar) Plexus	Plexus that supplies the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and liver
Mesentric Plexus	Plexus that Supplies the large and small Intestines
Renal Plexus	Plexus that supplies the arteries in the kidneys and ureters.
Cholinergic neurons	First main type of autonomic neurons that release from their synaptic end bulbs the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine.
Adrenergic neurons	Second main type of autonomic neurons that release from their synaptic end-bulbs the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine (NE), which is similar to the hormone epinephrine (also called adreneline)
2 types of Cholinergic neuron receptors	Nicotonic Receptors and Muscarinic Receptors
Nicotonic Recepter	-Named this way because Nicotine mimics the neurotransmitter Ach at these receptors -found in the membranes of the DENDRITES and cell bodies of ALL post-synaptic neurons, and on the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction. -Activation of these receptors by Ach causes depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane potential, raising it closer to threshold and therefore causing excitation in these cells.
Muscarinic Receptor	-Named this way because muscarine (from some mushrooms) mimics the neurotransmitter Ach at these receptors. -Found in the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells, Cardiac muscle cells, and Glands innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. -respond to Ach by either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic membranes, so therefore causes either excitation ot inhibition of these post-synaptic cells.
2 types of Adrenergic neuron receptors	Alpha-1 and Beta-1 receptors, and Alpha-2 and Beta-2 receptors.
Alpha-1 and Beta-1 receptors	respond to the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine by causing EXCITATION in the post-synaptic cell.
Alpha-2 and Beta-2 receptors	respoond to the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine by causing INHIBITION in the postsynaptic cell.
MonoAmine Oxidase (MAO)	Enzyme that terminates the activity of norepenephrine at the synapse.
3 reasons the sympathetic effects last longer and are more widespread than the parasmypathetic effects are...	1- They DIVERGE (branch) more extensively. 2- The Enzyme Acetylcholinesterase quickly inactivates the neurotransmitter Ach, whereas the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine stays in the synaptic cleft for longer time and takes the liver longer to deactivate it. 3- The hormone Epinephrine is secreted from the ADRENAL MEDULLA into the blood and affects all cells throughout the body with alhpa and beta receptors.
Common SYMPATHETIC effects on the body	-Pupils DILATE -Heart rate and blood pressure INCREASE -Breathing rate increases, deeper breaths are taken, airways DILATE to increase oxygenation of the blood. -Blood vessels of non-essential organs CONSTRICT to reduce blood flow, while blood vessels of essential organs needed for survival(liver, skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles) DILATE to increase blood flow. -Blood sugar level INCREASES -Activates sweat glands to cool the body. -Inhibits those processes not essential for immediate sirvival -Adrenal glands secrete more norepinephrine and epinephrine, which INTENSIFIES and prolongs the effects on the body.
Common PARASYMPATHETIC effects on the body	-secretion of salivary and digestive glands DECREASES leading to increased digestion and defecation. -Metabolic rate (storing energy, not using energy) INCREASES. -Activity of the kidneys and urination DECREASES -Heart rate and blood pressure DECREASES -Respiratory rate DECREASES and bronchioles CONSTRICT. - Pupils DECREASE in size.
atropine	(anti-cholinergic) blocks muscarinic receptors, inhibits salivation, dilates the pupils
neostigmine	(anti-cholinesterase) inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to treat myasthenia gravis (lack of ACh receptors)
pilocarpine	(ACh mimc) binds to muscarinic receptors and opens drainage for aqueous humor
tricyclic antidepressant	prolong the activity of NE on postsynaptic membranes
phenylephrine	(α- stimulator) over-the-counter drug for colds, allergies and nasal congestion, stimulate α-adrenergic receptors
propranolol	(β-blocker) attach mainly to β₁receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmia.
albuterol	(β-stimulator) bind to β₂receptors to dilate bronchioles, treat asthma
renin angiotensin system	is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance. The system can be activated when there is a loss of blood volume or a drop in blood pressure (such as in hemorrhage). Alternatively, a decrease in plasma NaCl concentration will stimulate the macula densa to release renin.

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BIO 210 (Lecture UNIT #5) CH 14: Autonomic Nervous System

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