Skeletal System
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Functions of the Skeletal System | support, protection, movement, storage, hemopoiesis |
| types of bones | long, short, irregular, flat |
| hemopoiesis | blood cell formation in red bone marrow |
| diaphysis | long hallow tube made of compact bone |
| medullary cavity | hollow area in diaphysis, contains yellow bone marrow |
| epiphysis | end of bones, made of spongy bone, red bone marrow fills gaps |
| articular cartilage | layer of cartilage that covers each epiphysis (rubber cushion) |
| periosteum | strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone except at joint surfaces |
| endosteum | membrane that lines the medullary cavity |
| 2 types of connective tissue in skeletal system | bone and cartilage |
| compact bone | outer layer of bone |
| spongy bone | porous bone |
| trabeculae | spaces in spongy bone |
| osteons or haversan system | structural unit appearing like the rings of an onion |
| concentric lamella | each "onion" ring |
| osteocytes | bone cells, lie in little spaces called lacunae |
| canaliculi | canals that connect lacunae with one another, nutrients pass through here |
| chondrocytes | cartilage cells |
| lacunae | spaces for chondrocytes, appear like air bubbles in the matrix |
| ossification | to turn to bone, takes about 18 years to complete |
| axial skeleton | 80 bones, skull, spine, ear bones, thorax |
| appendicular skeleton | 126 bones, arms, legs, pelvic girdle |
| sinuses | spaces/ cavities in the skull |
| paranasal sinuses | four pairs that open into the nose |
| mastoiditis | inflammation of the air spaces in the mastoid process, causes deafness in one ear |
| fontanels | soft spots on a baby's head where ossification has not been completed, allows for skull compression for children to be born, 2 yrs to close |
| vertebral column components | cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae |
| cervical vertebrae | 7, C1-C7, at the top of spine |
| thoracic vertebrae | 12, ribs,middle of spine |
| lumbar | 5, L1-L5, lower spine |
| kyphosis | abnormal thoracic curvature, backwards, hunchback |
| lordosis | abnormal lumbar curvature, forward and outward stomach |
| scoliosis | abnormal side to side curvature, may have to wear a brace, have surgery |
| true ribs | ribs 1-7 |
| false ribs | ribs 8-10 because they attach to the cartilage of rib 7 |
| floating ribs | ribs 11-12, because they do not connect with anything |
| Hyoid bone | in the neck, anchor for the tongue, doesn't connect with another bone, breaks if someone is strangled |
| 3 types of joints (based on movement) | synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses |
| synarthroses | allow no movement, joints called sutures, fibrous connective tissue grows together |
| amphiarthroses | cartilage connects the articulating bones, slight movement |
| diarthroses | majority, free movement, all have a joint capsule, joint cavity, a layer of cartilage over ends of the two bone |
| ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| synovial membranes | secret synovial fluid to lubricate the joint |
| types of diarthroses joint | ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, condyloid |
| ball and socket joint | shoulder and hip, widest range of motion |
| hinge | elbow and knee, moves in 2 directions: flexion and extension |
| flexion | bending a joint |
| extension | straightening out a joint |
| pivot joint | neck and wrist, allows some movement across an axis but no totally free |
| saddle joint | base of thumb, allows thumb to flex, abduct, adduct, circumduct |
| condyloid joint | has an oval projection that fits into an elliptical socket, arm bones in the wrist |
| joint movements | flexion, extension, rotation, circumduction, adduction, abduction |
| skeletal disorders | bone tumors and cancer, metabolic bone diseases, bone infection, bone fractures |
| osteosarcoma | bone cancer |
| chondrosarcoma | cartilage cancer |
| osteoparosis | loss of calcium in bone (metabolic) |
| osteomalacia | mineral loss in bones (metabolic), aka rickets in children, causes outward bowing of legs |
| paget disease | aka osteitis deformans, affect older adults, spongy bone is replaced with abnormal bone causing thickening of the bone (metabolic) |
| osteogenesis imperfecta | brittle bone disease (metabolic) |
| osteomyelitis | any type of bone infection, staph is most common type |
| open (bone fractures) | bone pierces skin |
| closed (bone fractures) | doesn't pierce skin |
| complete (bone fractures) | bone is broken all the way through |
| incomplete (bone fractures) | bone fragments are still partially joined |
| comminuted (bone fractures) | breaks that produce many fragments |
| impacted (bone fractures) | fragments driven into each other |
| linear angle (bone fractures) | fracture line is parallel to bone's long axis |
| transverse (bone fractures) | fracture line is at right angle to bone's long axis |
| oblique (bone fracture) | fracture line is diagonal to bone's long axis including spiral |
| bone repair | blood will flow from a fracture and a callas will be used to mend location |
| joint disorders | noninflammatory, inflammatory |
| noninflammatory | osteoarthritis, dislocation, sprain |
| inflammatory | arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, infectious arthritis |
| osteoarthritis | degeneration of articular cartilage |
| arthritis | overusing something, lots of wear and tear |
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