82 terms

Terms	Definitions
Humanism	the study of the humanities; included - grammer, rhetoric, poetry, and history; emphasized life in this world rather than the next. Intrested in learning
Leonardo	a painter, sculptor, architect; he was witty and hansome; scientific-studied everything; painted the Mona Lisa and last supper; never satisfied
Michelangelo	a sculptor, painter, architect; religious; not a scientist; Sistine Chapel, David, Pieta; did not like to paint; had a temper; never satisfied
Renaissance art Vs. Medieval art	movement; lifelike Vs. still, all the same
Petrarch	the first writer to express the humaist spirit of the Renaissance; "founder of humanism"; believed the only wisdom is to be found in the works of ancient Roman authors; travelled through France
Machiavelli	A political realist; believed the ruler's job was to succeed by any means necessary. influential writer; wrote The Prince while exiled to his small farm
Machiavellianism	doing anything to get what you want; cruel; smart
Lorenzo de Medici abd Medici family	grandson of Cosimo; under his leadership the empire expanded -> Florence became the most important city-state in Italy and the most beautiful in Europe; became known as "the Magnificent"
Van Eyck	northern painter; inspired by humanism; emphasized scientific principles of composition; lines create depth
Erasmus	the most important of northern humanists; "the prince of Humanists"; born in Rotterdam- an illegitimate son; lost both parents to the plague- age 13; became a priest (but prefared the life of a scholar) -> became a bishop; seeks to reform the Catholic church from within; writes a book about the flaws of papacy
Why the origins in Italy? (why does the renaissance originate in Italy)	-Roman ruins were there -center of trading ( b/c it was located in the Mediterranean sea) -Italy never had feudalism
How was the Renaissance a new direction, away from the Middle Ages?	-good economy -new art *it had movement and looked more realistic, proportionate -flourishing culture -trading
What was the impact of the Black death?	-people wondered where was god in this time of crisis - church lost supporters, but gained money and land - killed many people -> new beginning -> more jobs - made people value life on earth instead of afterlife -> basis for humanism -blamed on the Jews -> Jews hated
How did the Northern and Southern Renaissances differ?	humanism, scientific principles of composition,
How does Humanism relate to the meaning of the Renaissance?	-focussed on self promotion and knowledge - studied ancient Greek and Romans + architecture revived
Why was there a Reformation?	church was corrupt; people did not like the Catholic church anymore; 95 thesis started it (Martin Luther)
What was the Catholic Reformation?	time of catholic reform; in response to Martin Luther; corrected- -Simony -Pluralities -Nepotism -Absenteeism
What was the significance of 1492?	-Spanish kicked Moors out of Spain -Columbus set sail -spanish inquisition -Suni Ali dies -Lorenzo de Medici dies -POWER SHIFTS FROM ITALY TO SPAIN
What was the significance of Columbus' exploration of the Americas?	the columbian exchange started; whole world connects-> trade; new land + raw materials to claim; many natives lost lives
Why were Pizarro and Cortes (and the Conquistadores in general) so successful?	-guns -germs -steel -luck -skill
Discuss the impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade.	depopulated African; Africans lost their lives and homes; no more white slaves
Explain the decision to call stop Ming exploration.	-Confucianism (filial piety) -grand canal -warfare
Three key events leading to the American Revolution	- House of Burgesses: Virgins used to governing themselves, do not want to give that up - French and Indian war left Britain in debt -> Stamp act plus other taxes - Patrick Henry's speech convinced Virginians that there needed to be a war
Three Results of European impact with1) Latin America and 2) Asia	2)Asia -did not have much effect at first -trade between them limited -conversed with educated Jesuits -respected European inventions -Europeans help with decline of China
Renaissance	1350-1550 rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman ideas; humanism; money is becoming more important then religion; time of war and art
Savonarola	a priest; despises the Medici, wants to go back to medeval times; organized uprising that caused the Medici to flee Florence; said that people should return to simple fate
Reformation	the religious reform movement that divides the church into Catholic and Protestant; church is corrupt -Simony -Nepotism -Absenteeism -Pluralities
95 Theses	written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary reason for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used to display Luther's displeasure with the Church
Martin Luther	stood up to the church, 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. "justification by faith"-humans receive salvation, not from good works but their faith in God; wrote many books; ideas spread b/c of printing press
Simony	corruption; the selling of Church offices
Nepotism	corruption; favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)
Absenteeism	corruption; priest being paid to come to a church but not showing up; sometimes was supposed to move around in-between churches but never did
Pluralities	corruption of the medieval church; one person holding several spots in the church simultaneously
Renaissance Humanism	believing in the human power and not gods; intellectual movement based on study of classical literary works of Greece and Rome
Core beliefs of Luther	justification by faith, bible was head of the church
Peasants' Revolt	a series of uprisings by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed
Anabaptists	A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.
Peace of Augsburg	Called Luther to recant his teachings, but he did not; Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.
John Calvin	influential Protestant; justification by faith, power-grace-glory of god, predestination
Predestination	Calvin's opinion that God has predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and some people to be damned (the reprobate)
The Depravity of Man	man's tendency to sin
Theocracy	form of government based on religion
Geneva under Calvin	very strict church; people punished for almost everything
Charles V	Emperor of the Holy Roman empire; wanted to preserve his huge empire by keeping everyone the same religion; called Martin Luther to be tried before the imperial diet; Protestants fought an came to an agreement with Charles V called the Peace of Augsburg -> said that Protestant was a legal religion
Jesuits	catholic missionaries
Council of Trent	council where catholics get together to reinforce catholic doctrines + reform the church (in response to Martin Luther); center piece of the Reformation
St. Ignatius	founder of the Jesuits
St. Xavier	Jesuit missionary; went to China
St. Teresa	catholic reformation saint; in a Brining sculpture; known for piety and holiness; powerful force; founds Carmelite nuns
Inquisition	1492; Spanish inquisition of Heretics; Jews kicked out of Spain; during the rule of Ferdinand and Isabella; used fear, surprise, ruthless, loyal to the pope
Cortes	spanish conquistador; conquered Aztec Empire (Montezuma); conquered Mexico; had a slave girl translator; Aztecs thought he was the snake god coming to kill them, just like in the prophecy; wanted gold; Brutal
Pizzaro	spanish conquistador; destroyed Inka empire -> conquers Peru
Iberia	peninsula containing spain and Portugal; goes into Mediterranean
Las Casas	Spanish Monk; who campaigned for the American Indians; wrote accounts of what horrible treatment of Indians he saw in the new world -> helps abolish the Encomienda system
De Gama	Portuguese explorer; Portugal sent him to gain control of the spice trade over the moors; sailed around the Cape of Good Hope
Magellan	Spanish explorer; tried to sail around the world; died along the way, but his ships made it; spanish gained control of the Philippines
Columbian Exchange	the exchange of plants, animals, goods, and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans Mr. Ross' definition = small pox, alcoholism, indian crops like corn and potatoes
Mercantilism	economic system; colonial power dominates by having more exports than imports
Hacienda	plantations established by spanish conquistadors in the new world
Encomienda	economic system of the plantation; permitting spanish to take Indians as slaves if they educated in faith and provided for them -> Indians still treated horribly
Incas vs. Aztecs	Aztecs=in Mexico and conquered by Cortes Incas=in South America and conquered by Pizzaro
Patrick Henry	major revolutionary; give me liberty of give me death speech -> convinces people there needs to be a revolution
Middle passage	a slave's trip from Africa to the new world; millions of African lives were changed -> many died
Slave Resistance	slaves: -poisoned owners -set fire to things -suicide -mutilation -refusal to work
Equiano	African; ripped out of his village at age 11; thinks the europeans are going to eat him, but then becomes Europeanized; buys his freedom then writes his own book
Timbuktu	trade and cultural center in Africa (for the Songhay)
Songhay	Kingdom in Africa founded by Sunni Ali; seized Timbuktu -> became a major trading state; Islamic
Affonso	African King; accommodates Europeans at first -> christianity, but they still steal many people people from his country to use as slaves -> writes them a letter pleading them to stop
Triangular Trade	slaves went to new world -> raw materials went to Europe -> manufactured goods cams out from europe
Sir Francis Drake	english privateer; captures 20 tons of gold from the Spanish -> buries it b/c the spanish are hot on his tail; knighted by Queen Elizabeth; starts war with Spanish
Privateer	pirates that were issued by a country to plunder other countries ships and keep part of the profit
English policy in support of Pirates	welcomed pirates; had to give a portion of the money to England; commissioned them with a letter of Marque
Yongle	emperor of China; also known as Zhu Di was a price, but became friends with Zheng He and overthrew his uncle; gave Zheng He a great fleet
Zheng He	lead a huge fleet of 300 ships; advanced ships; went to east Africa, could have gone farther but expeditions stopped; some argue that he went all the way to America
Scholar Bureaucrats	Confucian scholars who held important governmental positions; was one of the reasons for the discontinuation of Zheng He's voyages.
Confucianism	Chinese way of life; four virtues- 1. sincerity 2. benevolence 3. filial piety 4. propriety women had no rights; 5 relationships- 1. ruler and subject 2. Elder brother to younger brother 3. Husband and wife 4. Elder friend to younger friend
Filial piety	Confucius ideal; greatest virtue; respect for parents; bring happiness and honor to their name; live (after marriage) under the same roof as your father; no matter how bad the father is he always has filial piety
Queen Elizabeth	Queen of England; defeated Spanish Armada; endorsed Privateers
Battle of Petersburg	battle where the breakthrough happened
Breakthrough	(at the battle of Petersburg) north broke threw the south barriers; beginning of the end of the war; important b/c north captures supply lines in Petersburg -> access to Virginia and Richmond(the capital)
Matteo Ricci	An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary to China; admires chinese culture
William Wilberforce	he works to stop the international slave trade; member of the british parliament

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