Final Exam - Terms
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29 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Positivism | a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation |
| Manifest Functions | the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern |
| Latent Functions | the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern |
| Androcentricity | approaching an issue from a male perspective only |
| Overgeneralization | this problem occurs when sociologists gather data only from men but then use that information to draw conclusions about all people |
| Gender Blindness | failing to consider gender at all |
| Culture Shock | personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life |
| Anticipatory Socialization | learning that helps a person achieve a desired position |
| Ascribed Status | a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life |
| Achieved Status | a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort |
| Master Status | a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life |
| Role Conflict | conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses |
| Role Strain | tension among the roles connected to a single status |
| Hate Crime | a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias |
| Prejudice | a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people |
| Discrimination | unequal treatment of various categories of people |
| Meritocracy | social stratification based on personal merit |
| Conspicuous Consumption | buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position |
| Race | a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important |
| Ethnicity | a shared cultural heritage |
| Stereotypes | a simplified description applied to every person in some category |
| Social Capital | the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence |
| Tracking | assigning students to different types of educational programs |
| Mainstreaming | including students with disabilities in the overall educational program |
| Chartering | giving public schools more freedom to try new policies and programs |
| Chronic illness | diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke, that usually cause deaths |
| Social Epidemiology | the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population |
| Faith | belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence |
| Religion | a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred |
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