biochemistry q4
Order by
87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 carbohyrdrate | denoted by suffix- OSE |
| Monosaccharide | simplest carbohydrate; building blocks of carbs |
| monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, & galactose are examples of |
| monosaccharide hexose formula | C6H12O6 |
| aldose | carbohydrate with a aldehyde group |
| ketose | carb witha ketone group |
| carbohydrate energy | 4 calories per gram |
| glucose | examples are dextrose, grape sugar, blood sugar |
| Fructose | levulose, fruit sugar are examples of |
| galactose | carbohydrate associated with brain and nerve tissue |
| disaccharides | 2 saccharide groups |
| disaccharide formula | C12H22011 |
| sucrose | disaccharide; cane sugar, table sugar are examples of |
| sucrose | constituents- glucose & fructose; upon hydrolysis => glucose & fructose |
| maltose | disaccharide; malt sugar |
| maltose | consituents- glucose & glucose; upon hydrolysis=> 2 glucose |
| lactose | disaccharide; milk sugar |
| lactose | constituents- glucose& galactose; upon hydolysis=>glucose & galactose |
| polysaccharides | most complex of all carbohydrates; MANY saccharide groups |
| starch | a polysaccharide; found in plantssuch as tubers, & grains |
| starch | most important polysccharide to MAN; upon hydrolysis=>glucose molecules |
| glycolgen | found as a stored polysaccharide in the liver of man and other animals; how our bodies store sugars for later use |
| cellulose | polysaccharide; found in makeup of many plants; NOT digestable to humans; used as bulking agent |
| carbohydrates | hydrolyzation end products => monosaccharides |
| monosaccharide | canNOT be further hydrolized |
| oxidation of carbohydrates | animal METABOLISM of carbs |
| oxidation of carbohydrates | this is the chief source of body energy; end products =>co2 & h2o |
| oxidation of carbs/ metabolism | opposite of photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants convert co2, h2o, & solar energy into carbs and o2, while in the presence of the catalyst chlorophyll. |
| fermentation | 1.the anaeobic breakdown of organic compounds (carbs) by microorganisms into simpler products, releasing co2. 2. the oxidative decomposition of complex substances (carbs) through the action of enzymes produced by microorganism |
| lipids/ fats | substances able to yield fatty acids when hydrolyzed |
| lipids/ fats | as a group sometimes called glycerides |
| esters | organic lipid or fat compunds are also called? |
| lipds/ fats elements | carbon, hydogren, oxygen & may contain nitorgen and phosphorus |
| lipids/ fats | is comprised of glycerol (glycerine) & fatty acids |
| lipids/ fats | tristearin & adapose (example of?) |
| fatty acids | stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid (examples of?) |
| lipids | these are insoluable in water, but are soluable in organic solvents such as ethers, benzene, chloroform, and some alcohols |
| lipids energy | 9 calories per gram |
| lipids | may be stored, prevents dehydration of cells, used as insulation, and cushions body organs |
| lipids | oxidation of ______=> co2, h2o, energy |
| lipids | under normal hydrolysis of_________=> glycerol & fatty acids |
| saponification | the alkaline hydrolysis of a lipid; the natural process of body decomposition; alkaline substance usually used- NaOH (sodium hydroxide) |
| saponification | ___________=> glycerine & soap |
| soap | the product formed when an alkali reacts with a fatty acid |
| adipocere or grave wax | product formed from the saponification of fatty acids in the dead human body by calcium containing compounds ( more like soap than wax) |
| waxes | lipids that are esters of fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols other than glycerol |
| compound lipids | a lipid which, when hydrolyzed, will yeild fatty acids, and alcohol and some other compound |
| proteins | fundamental constituents of all living matter; the building blocks of living things |
| proteins | the most complex of organic compounds; they have extremely large & complex structures |
| protein | this is important for new cell growth, synthesis of enzymes, synthesis of hormones, production of hemoglobin |
| protein | elements- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen- may be present- sulfur, phosphorus, iodine, iron |
| proteins | _______ are made up of amino acids |
| amino acids | an organic acid containing nitrogen; the building blocks of proteins; have amphoteric properties |
| amino acid | glycine & alanine are examples of ? |
| amphoteric properties | possess the properties of an acid & a base; have characteristics of substances that ionize as both acids & bases in solutions; allows proteins to act as buffers in body metabolism when in solution |
| imbibition | ability to absorb water |
| coagulation | reaction of formaldehyde with proteins; the insoluable state of a protein produced by heating or contact with a chemical |
| formaldehyde | this forms a peptide bond to denature proteins; denaturing proteins is a toxic reaction |
| formadehyde | this causes the peptide linkage of proteins to coagulate and become firm |
| one to one basis | if decomposition has begun the amino acids will react with formaldehyde on what basis? |
| not reversible | decomposition of proteins is____________ |
| hydrolysis of proteins | end product=> amino acid(s) |
| oxidation of proteins | end product=> CO2, H2O, nitrogenous wastes (such as urea & ammonium salts) |
| deamination | the process by which the amino group is removed from an amino acid as part of the catabolism (breakdown) of amino acids |
| deamination process | the amino group is converted by the liver into ammonium salts and urea which are highly soluable & may be excreted by the kidney in urine |
| putrifaction | decomposition of proteins |
| putrifaction | this yeilds=> ammonia containing compounds; putrecine cadaberine (ptomaines), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) |
| enzymes | organic catalyst; are proteins by nature( all that applies to proteins also applies) |
| catalyst | alters the speed of a chemical reaction |
| substrate | the substance upon which an enzyme will act |
| specificity | each enzyme will only react upon only ONE given substrate |
| enzyme | is denoted by the suffixes "ase" or "in" |
| carbonhydrase | enzymes that act on carbohydrates |
| protease | enzymes that act on proteins |
| lipase | enzymes that act on lipids & fats |
| autolytic enzymes | self digesting enzyme |
| autolysis | self digestion being apart of decomposition |
| variable Ph | the optimum Ph range for enzyme activity |
| normal body temperature | temperature range for enzyme activity |
| 50 Celcius or 122 F | high temperature which enzymes coagulate |
| influencing factors on enzymes | 1 concentration of the enzyme 2 consentration of the substrate 3 nature & concentration of products 4 effects of light and other physical factors |
| metabolism | the result of both the destructive and constructive chemical reactions in a living cell or organism, by which food is transformed into living protoplasm, reserve materials are stored, and wastes are eliminated |
| catabolism & anabolism | 2 parts to metabolism |
| catabolism | the conversion of complex substances into simpler compounds; destructive aspect of metabolism; example is digestion |
| anabolism | the process which build complex substances from simpler compounds; constructive aspect of metabolism; example is storing glycogen by the liver |
| digestion | it results in the breaking down of complex foods into simple soluable compounds, whose molecules are small enough to pass through mambrades and thus be absorbed by the cells of the body |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.