1.
bartholome de las casas: A spanish priest who settled in the New world and was against the torture and genocide of Native Americans
2.
chattel slavery: ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property.
3.
colombian exchange: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages
4.
conquistadors: spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain
5.
debt peonage: condition of sharecroppers who could not pay off their debts and therefore could not leave the property they worked
6.
encomienda: A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
7.
english case: settlement-enrichment of farming/trade and religious liberty agriculture-plantation economy (tobacco, indigo, rice, sugar)
8.
gold then silver: sp crow initially interested in gold of new world, but silver became easier and more profitable (mine, smelt, harvest wood=labor and townships)
9.
haciendas: Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. supported mining community. available to peninsulares (whites born in spain) not creoles (whites born in am)
10.
hernan cortes: Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. seized and killed montezuma, razed tenochtitlan and built capital over ruins
11.
mercantilism: an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
12.
middle passage: the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade. dangerous, crowded, unhealthy, many died.
13.
pizarro: Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
14.
portuguese in brazil: Portuguese settle in Brazil in 1530s and eventually expand to Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro
15.
repartimiento: a new arrangement of labor servitude that succeeded the encomienda. This device required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. This service was often extremely harsh, and in some cases Indians did not survive the stint. The limitation on labor time led some Spanish managers to abuse their workers on the assumption that fresh workers would soon be appearing on the scene. The eventual shortage of workers and the crown's pressure against extreme versions of forced labor led to the use of free labor
16.
sugar plantations: the development that led to an intensification of the portuguese involvement in the african slave trade
17.
treaty of tordesillas: a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.made by pope.
