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temperance movement campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages Dorothea Dix Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums Utopian movement 1820 - 1860, more than 100,000 people searched for alternative lifestyles and the perfect society. push-pull model reason for immigration based on the idea that people are either pushed out of their own country or pulled to another country by good reason nativism a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones urban working class cramped working conditions, dangerous jobs and long hours, low wages unsanitary conditions cult of domesticity the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house Seneca Falls Convention Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848) Lucretia Mott leader in the abolitionist and women's rights movements free blacks African Americans who were free rather than slaves at the time that slavery still existed in the United States Underground Railroad a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada Harriet Tubman Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad Abolitionist Movement the movement concentrated on ending slavery in the United States Frederick Douglass United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895) Nat Turner United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia Manifest Destiny the belief that the U.S. should extend all the way to the pacific ocean Oregon Trail a historical route to the western United States extending from various cities on the Missouri River to Oregon and the West coast. Alamo Site of battle where 200 Texans are surrounded and slaughtered by 600 mexican forces Stephen F. Austin leader of american colony in texas Annexation legally adding land area to a city in the United States Mexican Cession Mexican territories of California and New Mexico given to the United States in 1848 arsenal all the weapons and equipment that a country has radical A person who holds extreme views Compromise of 1850 it abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia, admitted California as a free state and opened much of the Mexican Cession to popular sovereignty Popular Sovereignty people hold the final authority in all matters of government Fugitive Slave Act a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders Free-Soilers People that wanted all land to be closed to slavery Dred Scott Decision Landmark court decision that ruled that slaves were property and antislavery laws were unconstitutional Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America Civil War fighting that involves opposing sides of citizens from the some country