Renal Uniary IB 131
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109 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 what maintain the chemical consistency of blood | kidney |
| what filters many liters of fluid from blood | kidney |
| what send toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water out of the body | kidney |
| what are the main waste products of the kidney | urea, uric acid, and creatinine |
| organs of the urinary system | • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra |
| location and external anatomy of kidneys are located | retroperitoneally |
| external anatomy of kidneys are lateral the __ vertebrae | T12-L3 |
| average kidney is __cm tall __ cm wide and __ cm thick | 1263 |
| is hilium on the concave surface | yes |
| vessels and nerves enter and exit. Name: | hilium |
| what surrounds the kidney | fibrous capsule |
| what are two types of fibrous capsules | perirenal fat and renal fascia |
| what is perirenal fat | external to renal capsule |
| what is renal fascia | external to perirenal fat |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After it reaches the aorta, what comes next? | renal artery |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After it reaches the renal artery, what comes next | segmental artery |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After it reaches the segmental artery, what comes next | interlobar artery |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After it comes after interlobar artery, what comes next | arcuate artery |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After it comes after arcuate artery, what comse next | cortical radiate artery |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After cortical radiate artery, what comes next? | afferrent arteriole |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After afferrent arteriole, what comes next? | glomerulus capillaries |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After glomerulus capillaries, what comes next | efferrent arteriole |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After efferrent arteriole, what comes next | peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After peritubular capillaries where does it go? | cortical radiate vein |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After the vasa recta, where does it go to? | cortical radiate vein and arcuate vein |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After ti goes to the cortical radiate vein, were does it go? | arcuate vein |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After ti goes to the arcuate vein, where does it go? | interlobar vein |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. after it goes to the interlobar vein, where does it go? | renal vein |
| for blood vessels supplying the kidney, name the steps. After it goes to the renal vein, where doe sit go? | inferior vena cava |
| Nerve supply is what plexus | renal |
| the nerve supply is a contect of ___ fibers | autonomic |
| in nerve supply, it is supplied by sympathetic fibers from what to what nerve | loweest thracic splanchinic nerve and first lumbar splanchnic nerve |
| filtration | Liquid filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries in glomerular capsule |
| Reabsorption (resorption) | Most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed through reabsorption from urine into peritubular capillaries |
| Secretion | Active process of removing undesirable molecules through secretion from peritubular capillary into urine |
| what is composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule | nephron |
| what is the first part of the nephron | renal corpscle |
| what has both glomerulus and glomerular (bowman) capsule | renal corpuscle |
| glomerulus is | cluster of capillaries that are fenestrated |
| glomerular (bowman's) capsule: parietal layer epithelium? | simple squamous |
| glomerular (bowman's) capsule: visceral layer consists of? | podocytes, branching epithelial cells with foot process |
| Filtration Membrane | Filter that lies between blood in the glomerulus and capsular space |
| Filtration Membrane has three layers, name them | 1. Endothelium of the capillary with fenestrations 2. Basement membrane formed by the fusion of the basal lamina of the endothelium and epithelium 3. Slits between foot processes of podocyte epithelium which are covered by a thin slit diaphragm |
| Filtration Membrane: Basement membrane and slit diaphragm | - Hold back most proteins - Allow through • Water • Ions • Glucose • Amino acids • Urea |
| Renal tube process | glomerular capsule-->proximal convoluted tube--> thin segment--> descent--> nephron loop-->acsend--> thick segment--> distal convoluted tubule--> collected duct |
| what tube conserves body fluid | renal tubule |
| what make up 85% of all nephrons | Cortical nephrons |
| what make up 15% of all nephrons | Juxtamedullary nephrons |
| Cortical Nephrons location | entirely within cortex |
| for cortial nephrons, does nephron loop dip short or long distance into the medulla | short |
| what makes up 15 percent of all nephrons | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| what nephrons have renal corpuscles that lie near the corex-medulla junction | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| what nephrons have nephron loop that extend deeply into medulla | juxtameduallary nephrons |
| what helps kidney concentrate urine | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| Nephrons associate closely with two capillary beds: name them | Glomeruli capillaries and Peritubular capillaries |
| ____ in cortical nephrons or ___ in juxtamedullary nephrons | Peritubular capillaries vasa recta |
| what produce filtrate that moves through the rest of the renal tubule and becomes urine | Capillaries of the glomerulus |
| Glomeruli capillaries fed by ____ and drained by ___ | affrerent arterioles and efferent arteriole |
| we generate how much of fluid every 8 minutes | 1 liter |
| how many % of filtrate is reabsorbed | 99 |
| Peritubular capillaries arise from ___ arterioles | efferent |
| what capillaries are adapted for absorption? | peritubular capillaries |
| peritubular capillaries lie in the | interstitial loose areolar connective tissue in the renal cortex |
| Vasa recta continue from ___ arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons | efferent |
| what are thin walled looping vessels that descend into medulla (true/false) | vasa recta |
| vasoppressin is | Antidiurectic hormone |
| vasopressin is produced by what? | hypothalamus and released by posterior part of pituitary gland |
| When the body needs to conserve water, the posterior part of the pitiutary gland secretes | Antidiurectic hormone (vasopressin) |
| • The ___increases the permeability of both distal tubules and collecting ducts allowing water from the filtrate to be resorbed into the surrounding blood vessels | Antidiurectic hormone |
| ___ can significantly reduce the production of the antidiuretic hormone resulting in increased urination | Alcohol |
| what regulates blood pressure | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Granular cells: smooth muscle cells with ___? | secretory granules |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Granular cells has what receptors? | mechanoreceptors |
| Granular cells contain the hormone ___ which is secreted in response to falling blood pressure in afferent arterioles | renin |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Macula densa: location? | end of nephron loop, adjacent to granular cells |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Macula densa epithelium | tall close tight epithelial cells |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Macula densa act as what type of receptors | chemoreceptors |
| When solute concentrations fall below a certain level, the cells of the macula densa signal granular cells to secrete __ | renin |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Mesangial cells: location? | around base of glomerulus |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Extraglomerular mesangial cells interact with | macula densa and granular cells to help regulate blood pressure |
| what Carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder | ureters |
| ureter: mucosa epithelium is | transitional epithelium |
| in ureter, the muscularis has how many layers | 2 |
| in ureter, the muscularis name the layers | • Inner longitudinal layer • Outer circular layer |
| what is adventitia | typical connective tissue |
| Three Layers of Urinary Bladder | 1. Mucosa with transitional epithelium 2. Thick muscular layer—detrusor muscle: contraction of this muscle squeezes urine from the bladder during urination 3. Fibrous adventitia |
| what is detrusor muscle | contraction of this muscle squeezes urine from the bladder during urination |
| what does the following: A collapsible muscular sac • Stores and expels urine - Full bladder expands into the abdominal cavity and becomes spherical - Empty bladder—lies entirely within the pelvis | urinary bladder |
| Urinary Bladder Urachus: what is it? | closed remnant of the allantois |
| Prostate gland are in females or males | In males |
| where does the prostate gland lie? | • Lies directly inferior to the bladder |
| what does the prostate gland surround | urethra |
| Urethra Epithelium: at the proximal end near bladder | Transitional epithelium |
| Urethra Epithelium: at the mid urethra (in males) | Stratified and pseudostratified columnar |
| Urethra Epithelium: at the distal end (near the urethral opening) | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Urethra has two urethral sphincter, name them | • Internal urethral sphincter • External urethral sphincter |
| • Internal urethral sphincter | - Involuntary smooth muscle |
| • External urethral sphincter | - Voluntarily inhibits urination - Relaxes when one urinates |
| Urethra in females lenght | 3-4 cm long |
| Urethra in males lenght | 20 cm in length with three regions |
| Prostatic urethra | Passes through the prostate gland |
| Membranous urethra | Through the urogenital diaphragm |
| Spongy (penile) urethra | Passes through the length of the penis |
| Micturition | discharge of urine |
| Disorders of the Urinary System | • Urinary tract infections • Renal calculi • Bladder cancer • Kidney cancer |
| • Urinary tract infections | - More common in females - Burning sensation during micturition |
| • Renal calculi | - Kidney stones |
| • Bladder cancer | - 3% of cancers—more common in men |
| • Kidney cancer | - Arises from epithelial cells of urine tubules |
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