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500-1500 years the middle ages spanned classical heritage of rome, beliefs of roman catholic church, customs of various germanic tribes 3 roots of middle age society german in the 5th century ______ invaders overran the western half of the roman empire disruption of trade, downfall of cities, population shifts 3 things that happened as a result of germanic invasions read or write germanic invaders who stormed rome could not ____ __ _____ learning among romans, the level of _______ sank sharply as more and more families left for rural areas. priests few people except _______ and other church officials were literate greek knowledge of _____, long important in roman culture, was almost lost oral germanic tribes had a rich ____ tradition of songs and legends, but no written language latin as german speaking peoples mixed with the roman population, _____ changed. dialects different _______ of latin developed as new words and phrases became part of everyday speech languages the development of various _________ mirrored the continued breakup of a once unified empire germanic in the years of upheaval between 400 and 600, small ________ kingdoms replaced roman provinces borders the _______ of germanic kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war church the ______ as an institution survived the fall of the roman empire government along with shifting boundaries, the entire concept of ____________ changed small unlike romans, germanic peoples lived in _____ communities that were governed by unwritten rules and traditions warriors every germanic chief led a band of ________ who had pledged their loyalty to him fought lords gave their warriors food, weapons, and treasure. in battle, warriors ______ to the death at their lord's side. outlive warriors considered it a disgrace to _______ their lord government the germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly ___________ for large territories gaul the franks held power in this roman province (now france and switzerland) clovis leader of the franks, brought christianity to the region clothilde clovis's wife 511 by this year, clovis had united the franks into one kingdom alliance the strategic ________ between clovis's frankish kingdom and the church marked the start of a partnership between the 2 powerful forces politics ________ played a key role in spreading christianity missionaries ____________ spread christianity by risking their lives bringing religious beliefs to other lands monks christian men who gave up their private possessions and devoted their lives to serving god. nuns women who followed the way of life of monks and lived in convents benedict italian monk who wrote a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries scholastica benedict's sister who headed a convent and adapted the same rules for women as benedict's monasteries europe's best educated communities the venerable bede in 731, he wrote a history of england still considered the best historical work of the middle ages gregory i in 590, this man became pope. he broadened the authority of the papacy beyond its spiritual role. gregory the great nickname for gregory i government the pope's palace was the center of roman __________ revenues gregory used church ________ to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor italy, england, spain, germany according to gregory, the region from _____ to _______ and from _____ to _________ fell under his responsibility christendom gregory strengthened the vision of ___________ 7 after the roman empire dissolved, england split up into _ kingdoms 511 what year did clovis die? major domo mayor of the palace 700 by this year, the major domo was the most powerful person in the frankish kingdom. officially, he had charge of the royal household and estates. unofficially, he led armies and made policy charles martel mayor of the palace in 719. extended the franks' reign and defeated muslims from spain at the battle of tours charles the hammer nickname for charles martel pepin the short charles martel's son. was anointed "king by the grace of god" carolingian dynasty family that ruled the franks from 751-987 carloman, charles pepin the short's 2 sons charlemagne after carloman's death in 771, this man ruled the kingdom. he was 6'4 einhard charlemagne's admiring secretary rome charlemagne built an empire greater than any known since ancient _____ south, east charlemagne conquered new lands to the _____ and ____ while spreading christianity byzantine by 800, charlemagne's empire was larger than the _________ empire. he had become the most powerful king in western europe. pope leo iii in 800, this man crowned charlemagne emperor. this even signaled the joining of germanic power, the church, and the heritage of the roman empire. nobles charlemagne strengthened his royal power by limiting the authority of the ______. counts to govern his empire, charlemagne sent out royal agents to make sure the _______ governed their counties justly. huge estates source of carolingian wealth and power learning one of the greatest achievements of charlemagne was the encouragement of ________ louis the pious a year before charlemagne died, he crowned his only surviving son ________ ___ ______ emperor. lothair, charles the bald, louis the german louis the pious' 3 sons treaty of verdun in 843, louis the pious' 3 sons signed this treaty dividing the empire into 3 kingdoms. as a result, carolingian kings lost power and central authority broke down