Micro final 24,25,26
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94 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 S. pyogenes (GAS) Group A Strep | Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep Throat) -local inflammation and fever complications may include tonsillitis and otitis media Diagnosis- agglutionation test **penicillin is drug of choice |
| S. pyogenes - lysogenized | produces erythrogenic toxin (red producing, strawberry) and sandpaper rash -Scarlet fever, |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | begins with sore throat and fever, followed by malaise and swelling of the neck and pseudomembrane formation which blocks airflow. |
| Lysogenized C. diphtheriae | produces diptheria toxin, and ***exotoxin--very potent *Treatment- Antitoxin therapy, DTaP -clubbed cells |
| Otitis media | middle ear infection -> earache ( pressure on eardrum) -caused by many different bacteria/viruses -Upper respiratory infection. - characterized by the production of pus which created pressure on the eardrum. Amoxicillin?? |
| Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses (families) | Common cold, S/S include sinus infection, laryngitis, otitis media, --transmission may be airborne prevent/treat= ICAM decoy |
| Bordetella pertussis | Whooping cough (aka Pertussis) -aerobic, gram negative, coccobacillus, virulent strains produce a capsule. has a Tracheal cytotoxin, and pertussis toxin |
| Tracheal cytotoxin | kills ciliated cells |
| pertussis toxin | systemic effects of the disease -M/O may attach to trachea and block ciliary escalator. |
| Stage of whooping cough - cararrhal | similar to common cold |
| Stage of whooping cough - Paroxysmal | typically lasts 1-6 weeks -characterized by sieges of coughing (clear mucus) and gasping inbetween breaths=whooping sound |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | "consumption" airbone transmission only in active cases **BCG vaccine (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin) --live, but avirulent, culture of M. bovis -cells contain mycolic acid> acid-fast |
| TB pathogenesis | m/o enter lungs=phagocytosed by macrophages - enzymes/cytokines cause tissue inflam, if disease arrested, tubericales become calcified, **visiable as ghon complexes - if defenses fail--> **military TB- turbicles burst releasing the pathogen into the airway. (active) ----S/s include - weight loss, coughting (w/blood) malaise |
| Tb treatment | isonizid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, -WHO recommends 6mo minimus of antimicrobial therapy with 2 first line and 1or2 second line drugs = lack of patient treatment compliance->drug Resistance |
| MDR | Mixed drug resistant |
| XDR | Extensively drug resistant |
| TB diagnosis | skin test (mantoux) look for "wheal" sputum smears, chest X-Ray, PCR |
| S. Pneumoniae | generally, lower lobe infections S/S - rapid onset, fever, breathing difficulty, chest pain, ***rust-colored sputum. |
| "atypical" pheumonia | may be caused by other m/o such as fungi, viruses and other bacteria -----slower onset and less chest pain than typical |
| Heamophilis influenzae | "atypical" pheumonia - affects those with *pre-disposing conditions such as poor nutrition, cancer, diabetes, alcoholism |
| Mycoplasma pheumoniae | "atypical" pheumonia - "walking pneumonia" - pretty mild, m/o doesnt have a cell wall |
| Legionella pneumophilia | Gram-neg rod characterized by high fever (105F) cough -droplett transmission - found in a/c tower |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | Meliodosis (Lower resp) S/S include bone/joint infections, liver/speen abcesses, Genito-urinary infection other- pneumonia, abscesses, encaphalitis, sepsis, fever, night sweats, myalgia, headache ***Transmission is primarlily inhalatior, Zoonotic(transfer to human) |
| Viral pneumonia | -seldom confirmed by culture -somst common RSV - respiratory syncytical virus |
| Influenza (virus) | S/S- chills, fever, headache, muscle aches --virus has 2 types of envelope "spikes" |
| Variations in the H and N proteins(antigens) | account for the "types of the flu" - segmented genome for easy exchange with other viruses |
| antigenic shift (responsible for major outbreaks) | major change due to recombination of the viral genome -"mixing vessels" |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | dimorphic fungi>disease resembles TB-pathogens spread from lungs to blood to lymph |
| Blastomyces dermatitidis | S/s cutaneous ulcers, abscesses, lungs -affects hunting dogs |
| Streptococcus mutans | gram positive coccus,Cariogenic-caries or tooth decay causing M/O+biofilms accumulate> dental plaque |
| Tartar | "old Plaque" |
| S. mutans must attach | via a pellicle (proteins that allow attachent to teeth) and avoid "defense mechanisms" - salvia/ lysozome |
| Hydrolyze sucrose | -> glucose and frutose glucose is assembled into dextran (Hold MO on teeth) bacteria + dextran = plaque |
| Frutoseis fermented to.. | lactic acid which breaks down tooth enamel -enamel low in fluoride is expecially susceptable |
| Preventing tooth decay | minimal ingestion of sucrose - sugar alcohols are good though -brushing, flossing, professional cleaning, fluoride treatment, mouthwash ** the invading population of bacteria is not the same as the colonizing population. |
| Periodontal disease | inflamm and degen of structures that support the teeth |
| Gingivitis | streptococcim actinomycetes, anaerobes, gram-neg ***-characterized by bleeding while brushing |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | Periodontitis, progressive gingivitis- gums are inflamed and bleed easily, - supportive tissue and bone are destroyed= bone loss |
| Staph food poisoning | an intoxication: injestion of a pre-formed toxin(like botulism) heat-stable enterotoxin produced by * S. aureus S/S -NVD, 1-6 hours after ingestion --Superantigen-intense non-specific immune response. |
| Staph food poisoning cause | suspect foods are contaminated on fingers or in skin lesions and "outcompete" other bacteria - other bacteria killed **all other bacteria killed in cooking but somebody touched the food -- Food prepared in advance and not properly chilled allows proliferation of the organism/ toxin production |
| salmonella spp. | gram neg, facultative rod, over 2400 serovars (types) -m/o are ingested/multiply in the lower GI tract - infection **can invade intestional mucose and may enter CLS *** M/O can replicate in macrophages - meat/poulty/egg products are most common source of contamination |
| Salmonellosis incubation time | typically 12-36 hours S/S - moderate fever, nausea, diarrhea abdominal cramps |
| Salmonella typhi | Typhoid Fever, highly virulent, Fecal-oral contamination Humans are only reservoir, typical incubation period is 2-3 wk M/O multiply in phagocytic cells > disseminated thoughout the body |
| Salmonella typhi symptoms | fever (104F), headache, diarrhea (possibly bloody) ---treated with antibiotics, longer if carrier -Some indiviiduals may be "carriers" |
| shigellosis etiologic agent | members of the Shigella genus -S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii -small infective dose--produces *shiga toxin |
| shiga toxin | inhibits protein synthesis and kills cells (exp macrophages) destroyes the intestinal mucosa |
| shigellosis symp and treat | s/s ***Severe dysentery- 20 bm/day (possibly bloody), cramps, fever treat- antibiotics (fluocoquinolones)+ oral hydration |
| anytime there is an invasion of tissue | there is a fever |
| Virbrio cholera | MO enter the GI tract and proliferate in the **Small intestine (olny one to be in the small intestine) - produces an **enterotoxin that results in rapid loss of body fluids and electrolytes -pathogen is associated with brackish water and is endemic in US coastal waters |
| Cholera S/S | "rice water stools" and vomiting, generally no fever (no invasion) Blood becomes viscous-- organ shutdown, shock, death |
| Cholera Treatment | fluid and electrolyte replacement --- 0:1 and 0:139 are primary epidemic strains |
| Vibro parahaemolyticus | common in salt water - assoc with raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs |
| Yersinia enterocolitica and Y.pseudotuberculosis | transmitted in meat and milk S/S include diarrhea, fever, headache and abdominal pain |
| Clostridium perfringens (gangrene) | Produce Exotoxin-> abdominal pain/ diarrhea S/S appear 8-12 hr after injestion |
| Escherichia coli | pathogenic strains produce toxins and have specialized fimbriae to attach to cells - 3 types |
| Escherichia coli - Entertoxigenic (ETEC) | "travelers diarrhea" watery, copious "boil it, peel it, or don't eat it" |
| Escherichia coli - Enteroinvasive (EIEC) | Invade epthelial cells causing inflammation, fever, and dysentery |
| Escherichia coli - Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) | 0157:H7, produce shiga toxins, associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis. --low infective dose |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Gram-negative, **spiral-shaped bacteria Nearly all poultry is comtaminated S/S fever, cramping, ab pain, diarrhea that may progess to dysentery |
| Campylobacter jejuni complication | Guillain-barre syndrome (1:1000) -body attacks our nerves because it thinks that its the MO |
| Helicobacter pylori | Infection in stomach= enxyme to combat stomach acid -_- MO eats away at stomach mucosa |
| Paramyxovirus | Mumps - *parotid glands, fever, and pain. Transmitted via saliva and respiratory secretions Incubation - 16days post exposure *** MMR vaccine |
| Mumps complications | Orchitis (swelling of the testes), meningitis, inflam of the ovaries and pancreatitis |
| Hepatitis | inflam of the liver |
| Hepatitis A | infectious - Fecal-oral transmission (shed in feces incubation 2-6 wk S/S - subclinical - fecer, headache, malaise, diarrhea, jaundice Inactivated Vaccine |
| Hepatitis B | Serum - parenteral transmisson, gen more severe hep A Vaccine available liver cancer is subsequent complication |
| Hepatitis C | paternal transmission -no vaccine S/S like that of HBV |
| Hepatitis D | Host must be coinfected with *HBV Paternal transmission, associated with severe liver damage and high mortality rate, vaccine for HBV |
| Hepatitis E | Fecal-oral transmission symptoms similar to HAV (same transmissson) high mortality rate for preg women, vaccine developing |
| Rotavirus | most common cause of viral gastroenteritis Self limiting ~7 days Low grade fever, diarrhea, vomiting |
| Nortoviruses (norwalk agent) | Fecal-oral and aerosol transmission 20 million (lots) of cases in US S/S - NVD, cramps Self limiting ~ 3 days |
| Urine should be sterile | may become contaminated near the end of the urethra |
| E. Coli is the usual case for | UTI's may be dangerous as "ascending" infections --> pyelonephritis |
| urethritis--> Cystitis | usual suspects are E. Coli and S. saprophyticus |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | attaches to oral or urogenitial mucosa by fimbriae, invades columnar epithelial cells. aquired at any point of contact. Invasion leads to an inflammatory response and PUS formation. |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae symptoms | females asymptomatic -->sterility, complication PID Males --> painful urination, PUS discharge, sterility Untreated can become systemic-----> Endocarditis, meningitis, arthritis, opthalmia neoatorum |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment/ diagnosis | detecting pus or cervical swab, M/o can be found in phagocytic leukocytes. ----treated with antibiotics (cipro) ********** recovery does not lead to immunity |
| Nongonococcal urethritis | any inflamm of the urethra not caused by N. gonorrhoeae. 5x more in females than males. infects same cells as gonnorhea -- columnar epithelium |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | more common cause of Nongonococcal urethritis -Treatment inlcueds tetracyclines--gets into the infected cells |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | any bacterial infection of the FEMALE pelvic organs --characterized by abdominal pain, blocked uterine tubes may lead to Ectopic pregnancy/ salpingitis --M/o hitch ride on sperm cells and be transported to uterine tubes --- treatment doxycyline/ cefoxitin |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease caused by | N. gonorrhoeae C. trachomatis is common co-infection |
| Salpingitis | results from scarring that blocks passage of the egg to the uterus. Diagnosis inflives laparoscopy |
| Treponema pallidum | syphalis, transmitted via ANY sexual contact, typical incubation period is 3 weeks. disease has 4 stages |
| syphalis Primary stage | painless CHANCRE AT SITE OF INFECTION, exudate is highly infectious -treated with penicillin |
| syphalis secondary stage | Several weeks after frimary state, skin and mucosal rashes, HAIR LOSS, malaise, fever -treated with penicillin |
| syphalis latent period | no symptoms, not normally infectious |
| syphalis Tertiary | Gumas on many organs (rubbery lesions) ---> CNS |
| Gardnerella vaginalis | Bacterial vaginosis---> infection of the vagina (NO SIGN OF inflammation) vaginal PH aboce 4.5, odor, frothy discharge diagnosis based on smell and "clue cells" Treatment-- metronidazole- allows normal flora to grow |
| "clue cells" | sloughed off vaginal cells covered with G. vaginalis |
| candidiasis | odor-- yeasty/ none color of discharge--- white apprearance of vaginal mucosa--- dry, red ph---below 4 |
| Bacterial VaginOsis | odor-- fishy* color of discharge--- grey/white apprearance of vaginal mucosa--- pink ph--- above 4.5 |
| Trichomoniasis | odor-- Foul color of discharge--- Greenish-yellow* apprearance of vaginal mucosa--- Tender, red ph--- 5-6 |
| Human papillomaviruses | Genital warts/ Genital herpes/ condyloma acuminata Treatment- patient applied gels0 Imiquidmod (aldara) to stimulate inferferon production Ceravix and gardasil --- vaccine |
| condyloma acuminata | Genital warts, HPV16 associated with cancer women: cervix Men:penis if have visual on genital warts, you are not infected with strains that lead to cancer |
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