1.
absolute threshold: the point at which you detect something= absolute threshold. you must detect it 50% of the time.
2.
altricial species: hgihly dependent on parental care , develop some sustems prenatally and some postnatally
3.
amplitude: intensity or loudness, measured in decibals. at 90 dB there is some amount of damage to hearing
4.
audition: sound=pressure variation in medium, and has three characteristics. frequency, amplitude, and complexity
5.
blind spot: covered up by lateral, saccadic movements
6.
complexity: harmonic content or timbre. helps to distinguish instruments and voices
7.
cones: color vision, by responding selectively to different wavelenghts. high intensities of light
8.
dark adaptation: rods adjusting to low levels of illumination
9.
dark and light adaption: rods fire to a limited range of light intensities at any given time. when they have to adapt they momentarily shut down and change
10.
difference threshold: how much do i have to change so that it is detected? "jnd"=just noticebale difference
-stimulus change, TONE DEMO.
-also follows 50% detection rule
11.
equilibratory receptors: balance, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs... filled with fluid and hair cells tocuhing the fluid. every time fluid moves the hair cells move. overstimulation= dizziness
12.
fovea: area densely packed wtih cones
13.
frequency: pitch, herz, human range is 20-20,000 hz.
14.
hair cell damage in cochlea: cochlea= snail like structure where receptors are. once hair cells have been lost, you cant get them back. your 20000 hz receptors are damged first, there is no pain and you dont feel it.
15.
human odor sensitivity: japanese companies realized we can be effected by smell, so they started having scent breaks.
-lavender=21% decrease in error
-jasmine=33% decrease in error
-lemon=54% decrease in error but worked slower
16.
infrasounds: sounds below 20hz
17.
kinisthetic receptors: proprioception, where are your body parts oriented? you will know this even if arm is extended behind you and you cant see it. receptors are located in muscles tendons and joints internally.
18.
light adaptation: rids adjusting to high levels of illumination
19.
more to taste than taste receptors: pressure, cultural differences, vision
20.
olfaction: smell. your olfactory epithelium is lined with receptors. birds and humans have low levels whereas dogs have high levels
21.
on prenatal day 6.5: tacticle system developed
22.
order of systems that get developed: tactile (6.5), vestibular(8), auditory(12), visual (19)
23.
precocial species: less dependent on parental care and therefore develop all sensory systems prenatally
24.
receptor cell location: fungiform papilla=giant bumps that you see. hundreds of buds are located on each fungiform, and there are twenty receptor cells on each bud. specificity is here on receptors!
25.
rods: any wavelength, can detect objects but not color
26.
sensation vs perception: sensation= neurophysiology with receptors to the brain, whereas perceptioon= interpretation and the use of higher cognitive function
27.
sensory adaptation: receptors adapt to constant stimulation and then stop firing.
-your ofactory system stops firing once it has smelt the same smell for a while.
-species differences: dogs need their smell more, so it will take longer for this to happen
28.
subliminal: below 50% detection
29.
supriminal: above 50% detection
30.
taste: tongue map DOES NOT EXIST. 5 basic tastes= bitter, sour, salty, sweet, umami
31.
the retina: firing order...
1. hits back of eye
2. rods cones fire onto
3. bipolar fire onto
3. ganglion and their oxons form optic nerve and goes to occipital cortex in brain
32.
the skin senses: pressure, pain, warmth, cold... generality not specificity
33.
ultrasounds: sounds above 20000 hz
34.
visual and taste impairment: 70 db=no visual change
107 db= visual impairment.
on avg we listen at 105
taste quality is down w loud music
35.
where humans can see: between IR and UV light
