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185 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 what study deals with properties of substances and their reactions | chemistry |
| which science deals with matter + energy and their interactions | physics |
| characteristics of gas | indefinite shape + indefinite volume |
| characteristics of liquids | indefinite shape + definite volume |
| characteristics of solids | definite shape + definite volume |
| definition of compound | two or more elements chemically united in a fixed ratio |
| definition of mixture | two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically combined |
| definition of element | simple substance which cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical reactions |
| definition of atom | smallest indivisible units of matter |
| definition of molecule | smallest unit of a compound |
| number of elements usually found in the human body | 24 |
| four elements that make up 96% of human body | C arbon H ydrogen O xegen N itrogen |
| three subatomic particles | proton neutron electron |
| subatomic particles found in nucleus | protons neutrons |
| subatomic particles found in shells around nucleus | electrons |
| when an atom is most stable | when the outer valence shell is full 8 electrons |
| type of bond formed due to sharing of electrons between atoms | covalent bond |
| type bond is formed due to transfer electrons from one atom to another | ionic bond |
| what is meant by non-polar bonding | covalent bond is so equally spaced, there is no polarity |
| what is meant by polar bonding | covalent bond is positioned so there is a positive + a negative, and there is direction |
| ions that have a negative charge | anions |
| ions that have a positive charge | cations |
| hydrocarbons and their derivatives made of carbon + hydrogen | organic compounds |
| organic compounds that make up much of the human body | carbs proteins lipids nucleic acids |
| element, compound, or mixture? water | compound |
| element, compound, or mixture? C02 | compound |
| element, compound, or mixture? glucose | compound |
| element, compound, or mixture? urine | mixture |
| element, compound, or mixture? oxygen | element |
| chemical symbol for oxygen | O |
| chemical symbol for sodium | Na |
| chemical symbol for iodine | I |
| chemical symbol for potassium | K |
| chemical symbol for iron | Fe |
| chemical symbol for carbon | C |
| chemical symbol for hydrogen | H |
| chemical symbol for copper | Cu |
| chemical symbol for nitrogen | N |
| chemical symbol for sodium chloride | NaCl |
| chemical symbol for water | H2O |
| chemical symbol for sodium hydroxide | NaOH |
| chemical symbol for hydrochloric acid | HCI |
| chemical symbol for carbon dioxide | CO2 |
| chemical symbol for glucose | C6 H12 O6 |
| definition of solution | homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| definition of solvent | the part of a solution that is of greater concentration |
| definition of solute | the part of a solution that is of lesser concentration |
| principle solvent in the human body | water |
| 3 characteristics of solutions | components cannot be distinguished components do not settle much components cannot be separated by filtration |
| what measures concentration of H ions in solution | pH scale |
| acid | release hydroxyl ions into a solution |
| base | release hydroxyl ions into a solution |
| neutral pH | 7 |
| pH 2 | acid |
| pH 12 | base |
| acid or base? vinegar | acid |
| acid or base? sour taste | acid |
| acid or base? gastric juice | acid |
| acid or base? urine | usually acidic 6 |
| acid or base? soapy feeling | base |
| acid or base? bitter taste | base |
| acid or base? blood | slightly basic 7.5 |
| pH of water | 7 - neutral |
| 3 physical processes important to the functioning of the human body | diffusion osmosis filtration |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration spontaneous spreading of a substance due to kinetic energy |
| osmosis | movement of water molecules from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane |
| filtration | movement through a membrane due to mechanical forces |
| definition of energy | ability to do work |
| forms of energy | heat mechanical radiant electrical chemical |
| 2 characteristics of energy important to life | energy that cannot be created or destroyed (just changes form) some energy is lost as heat with every transformation |
| form of energy used by loving organisms | ATP |
| process that releases energy in human body | cellular respiration |
| # of millimeters in a meter | 1000 |
| # of centigrams in a gram | 100 |
| # of meters in a kilometer | 1000 |
| # of milliliters in a centiliter | 10 |
| boiling point of water | 100 degrees centigrade |
| freezing point of water | 0 degrees centigrade |
| average body temp | 37 degrees centigrade |
| biology | study of life |
| anatomy | study of structure of organisms |
| physiology | study of function of organisms |
| zoology | study of the animals |
| botany | study of the plants |
| microbiology | study of microscopic forms of life |
| morphology | study of forms of organisms |
| taxonomy | study of naming and classification of organisms |
| basic characteristics of life | ability to reproduce ability to convert food to energy ability to produce waste products irritability ability to experience mutations |
| form of energy used by all living organisms | ATP |
| person who established basis of naming organisms by binomial nomenclature | Linnaeus |
| Fungi | biological kingdom that includes organisms that have the basic structure of plants, but can't produce their own food through photosynthesis |
| Monera | biological kingdom that includes prokaryotic organisms |
| Protista | biological kingdom that includes simple eukaryotic organisms |
| Plantae | biological kingdom that includes higher plants |
| Animalia | biological kingdom that includes higher animals |
| kingdom? bacteria | Monera |
| kingdom? toadstools | Fungi |
| kingdom? frogs | Animalia |
| kingdom? ferns | Plantae |
| kingdom? blue-green algae | Monera |
| kingdom? protozoa | Protista |
| kingdom? mammals | Animalia |
| kingdom? trees | Plantae |
| kingdom? kelp | Protista |
| kingdom? man | Animalia |
| rules for writing a specific epithet | genus name capitalized species name not capitalized both underlined or italicized |
| scientist who established the term "cell" | Robert Hooke |
| scientists responsible for the cell theory | Schleiden + Schwann |
| cell theory | all living organisms - plant and animal - consist of cells |
| protoplasm | all living material in cells |
| components of protoplasm | water proteins carbs lipids nucleic acids minerals |
| micron (micrometer) | unit of measurement used for cells |
| water | most abundant compound in protoplasm serves as major solvent in cells |
| carbs | primary energy source of cells |
| proteins | form structural framework in cells |
| lipids | component of cell membranes + reserve energy source |
| nucleic acids | contains instructions for cell functioning |
| minerals | important in acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte balance |
| metabolism | all chemical reactions occurring in living organisms |
| catabolism | destructive metabolism ex. cellular respiration |
| anabolism | formation of complex substances from simpler materials ex. photosynthesis |
| irritability | ability to respond to a stimulus |
| conductivity | ability to conduct an impulse |
| ability to shorten in response to stimuli | contractility |
| organization | characteristic of protoplasm to have structure |
| excretion | elimination of waste materials |
| secretion | production and release of useful materials |
| reproduction | increase in the number of organisms |
| increase in size and/or number of cells | growth |
| compounds that make up the cytoplasmic membrane | phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic) proteins (hydrophobic) cholesterol (hydrophilic) |
| functions of cytoplasmic membrane | encloses cell controls passage of materials in + out maintains homeostasis functions in active + passive transport |
| active transport | requires expenditure of energy by the cell |
| passive transport | occurs because of intrinsic molecular energy - no energy used |
| examples of passive movement | diffusion osmosis filtration |
| examples of active movement | endocytosis exocytosis "pumps" |
| endocytocis | uptake of material by a cell |
| exocytosis | discharge of particles from a cell |
| phagocytosis | ingestion + digestion of particles by a cell "cell eating" |
| pinocytosis | active transport mechanism used to transfer fluids or dissolved substances into cells "cell drinking" |
| selectively permeable | membrane allows some molecules to pass through but holds others back |
| isotonic | solution surrounding cell is of same concentration as concentraion of solutes inside cell |
| hypertonic | solution surrounding cell has higher concentration of solutes than that inside cell |
| hypotonic | solution surrounding cell has lower concentration of solutes than that inside cell |
| why RBCs shrink when placed in hypertonic solution | crenation water moves from area of greater water concentration (in the cell) to area of lesser water concentration (the solution) |
| why RBCs burst when placed in hypotonic solution | hemolysis water moves from area of greater water concentration (solution) to area of lesser water concentration (the cell) |
| cytoplasm | protoplasm of a cell exclusive of the nucleus |
| prokaryotic cell | simple structure no nucleus or organelles |
| eukaryotic cell | complex structure true nucleus + organelles |
| function of endoplasmic reticulum | CIRCULATORY SYSTEM of cell |
| location of endoplasmic reticulum | cytoplasm |
| structure of endoplasmic reticulum | membranous network of tubular or sac-like channels |
| function of ribosomes | protein synthesis assemble amino acids to form proteins |
| location of ribosomes | cytoplasm |
| what ribosomes are formed of | RNA + protein |
| function of mitochondria | contains enzymes for RESPIRATION "powerhouses" - produce energy |
| location of mitochondria | cytoplasm |
| structure of mitochondria | double layered - bound by double membrane contain enzymes for respiration |
| function of lysosomes | contain enzymes for DIGESTION |
| location of lysosomes | cytoplasm |
| structure of lysosomes | membrane-bound contain digestive enzymes |
| function of Golgi apparatus | PACKAGING + SHIPPING CENTER secretions |
| location of Golgi apparatus | cytoplasm |
| structure of Golgi apparatus | flattened sacs with "bubbles" leaving vesicles |
| function of nucleus | contains the GENETIC INFO of cell |
| structure that surrounds nucleus | nuclear membrane |
| stuff inside nucleus | DNA (chromosomes) nucleoli nuclear sap |
| function of nucleoli | generates ribosomes |
| location of nucleoli | nucleus |
| structure of nucleoli | small dense bodies formed of RNA + protein |
| function of catalysts | to start a reaction |
| organic catalysts | enzymes - speed up chemical reactions in protoplasm without being destroyed formed of proteins |
| substrate | substance which enzyme works on |
| homeostasis | state of equilibrium |
| mitosis | cell division |
| how enzymes are named | after substrate they alter or reaction they catalyze |
| characteristics of enzymes | they act as a catalyst they are made of proteins they are highly specific to their substrate they are sensitive to changes in pH, temp, dehydration + chemicals |
| how enzymes help in diagnosis of disease | enzymes are released upon cell injury + death their presence in the blood signify damage to tissue or organ |
| are enzymes destroyed or changed by the reactions they catalyze? | no |
| location of chromosomes | nucleus |
| function of chromosomes | transmit genetic info |
| what chromosomes are composed of | DNA |
| process which must occur before cells can divide | DNA replication |
| advantage of cell division | growth + repair |
| disadvantage of cell division | possibility of cancer |
| structure of DNA | double helix with backbones of deoxyribose + phosphates and base pairs (A-T, C-G) held together by hydrogen ions |
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