1.
3 Theories that are connected between politics and media: • Two-Step Flow
• Third Person Effect
• Cognitive Dissonance
2.
5 elements of libel: 1. publication
2. identification
3. defamation
4. fault
5. actual injury
i. idea of mental anguish
• differnce between private individual and public person
o have to prove malice to do actual harm
• nyt v. Sullivan
3.
7 principles of PR Management: 1. Tell the truth
2. Prove it with acition
3. Be progressive, show some action
4. Listen to the customer
5. Manage for tomorrow
6. Conduct PR as if the whole company depends on it
7. Realize a company's true character is expressed by its people
8. Remain calm, patient and good humored
4.
7 Ways of Framing a Situation: 1. Metaphor
2. Story
3. Slogan
4. Artifacts
i. A way to illuminate information
ii. Built a brand or logo that represents the company
5. Contrast
6. Spin
7. Tradition
5.
Agenda Setting Theory: •The media essentially places importance on certain issues, as the media does this and people are exposed to those issues and become important as far as public discourse
•We're not very successful in telling people what to think, but very successful at telling people what to think about
6.
Cognitive Dissonance: People will change their opinion to reduce dissonance in their lives
7.
List all Court cases that have to do with Media Law: • Shenk v. United States (1919)
• Near v. Minnesota (1933)
• New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
• New York Times v. United States (1971)
8.
Minimal Effects of media: • SelectiveExposure - not seeing everything in news
• Selective Perception - not actually perceiving all that is in the news, and only glean what is of interest to you
• Selective Retention - retaining information, selectively retain information that we deem to have value to us
9.
Near v. Minnesota (1933): o Prior restraint, can we restrain a publication from being published if we know what is going to be published is against the country
o Guilford - publishing a newspaper called the Saturday Press
• Anti catholic, black, labor. Attacks politicians, religious leaders
• Was considered a slanderous newspaper, and they were barred from ever publishing or printing the Saturday Press
o 5-4 decision - except in rare cases, censorship is unconstitutional. And you can't restrain a publication in anticipation of what may come out of that publication
10.
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964): • Ad with Statements of racial discrimination in the south
• Police Chief of Montgomery Alabama felt libeled and could prove that information in Ad didn't happen
• Court Determined that as a public official, Actual Malice had to be intended
• Later applied to idea of public figures
o Celebrities, sports stars, prominent business leaders, media people, coaches, etc...
• Recklessly disregarding information - than you have shown malice, selectively chose information with a specific purpose in mind, when you had other information to disprove what you said.
11.
New York Times v. United States (1971): o Pentagon Papers Case
o During Vietnam war
o An unknown source obtained documents from the Pentagon
• Revealed that the U.S. had deliberately bombed places in Cambodia and Louse, and coast raids on N. Vietnam
• Presidents had secret plans to destroy certain people
o 6-3 decision that said that the Government had not met the heavy burden for justification for a prior restraint.
12.
Shenk v. United States (1919): o Surrounds WWI
o Congress enacted several laws restricting first amendment freedoms
• Espionage act - stiff penalties for uttering or circulating false statements
Any effort to hamper the draft was a penalty
• The Sedition act - made it a crime to interfere with the sale of war bonds
Prohibits saying or publishing anything disrespectful to the government of the United States.
oHard to codify public opinion around the war effort
oCharles Shenk is the leader of the Socialist Party of America
• Felt it was a rich mans war, they (the rich) would find a way to get out of the war and protect their investment interests in Europe
• Distributed leaflets and showed up at draft stations encouraging men to resist the draft
o Dealt with the issue of speech
o In a 9-0 decision the supreme court made the decision, that "his speech presented a clear and present danger"
o "Falsely shouting fire in a crowded theatre" - could cause panic and a dire situation for the country if this speech is allowed
13.
Third Person Effect Theory: when we see something in the media, we perceive that it will have greater effects on others than it does on us. Applies to News, Advertising, etc...
14.
Two-Step Flow Theory: Suggests that you broadcast a message, it may be read by all, but only certain people internalize the information, Those people who do that and become opinion leaders, and the opinion leaders then share their opinions with other people.
15.
When to Reduce or Ban Advertising: • Harmful
• Appeals to vulnerable audiences
o Children and old people
• Limit consumption
o During war times, etc...
