CPP&T Cardiology
Order by
72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What kind of overload do we see in stenosis? | pressure overload |
| What kind of overload do we see in regurgitation? | volume overload |
| Which valvular disease is predominantly associated with rheumatic fever? | Mitral stenosis |
| At what point in the disease do we replace a stenotic aortic valve? | After symptoms develop |
| At what point in the disease do we replace a regurgitant aortic valve? | After LV changes (but before symptoms... same w/regurgant valves) |
| In what infectious cardiac disease do you see Aschoff bodies? | Acute rheumatic fever (NOT in chronic RH) |
| What do hemosiderin laden macrophages in the lungs indicate? | Heart failure |
| What tends to cause endocarditis in IV drug users? | Staph aureus (bad b/c it's more virulent and causes more damage) |
| What tends to cause subacute endocarditis? | Viridans streptococci (esp. following dental procedures or oral mucosal injuries) |
| What do Osler's nodes, janeway lesions, and splinter hemorrhages indicate? | Infective endocarditis (rarely seen) |
| What do roth spots indicate? | Hematologic malignancy (spots on the retina; could be endocarditis!) |
| Which heart murmur is likely to vary with inspiration? | Tricuspid valve (expect right sided valves with inspiration changes) |
| In an infarct, which layers of the heart may be spared? | Innermost (receive O2 from the blood inside the heart itself) |
| Where is angina classically located? | Substernally |
| What relieves angina? | Rest, nitroglycerin |
| What may be indicated if an EKG has ST elevations? | Myocardial infarction (reciprocal ST depressions usually present in other leads; could also be caused by pericarditis, aneurysm, or early repolarization) |
| What does an S3 heart sound indicate? | Heart failure (blood sloshin-in... significant indicator) |
| What does an S4 heart sound indicate? | Stiff ventrical (a-shut door... atria is forcing blood into a noncompliant ventrical) |
| At what blood pressure does first qualify as having HTN? | 140/90 (normal is below 120/80, in between these numbers is "pre-hypertension," so not actually a disease) |
| If a patient presents with HTN, flank bruits, and a fast young onset of HTN, what would we suspect? | Secondary hypertension (renal hypertension; check kidney function and maybe order CT) |
| What do inverted T-waves indicate? | Ischemia (WITHOUT infarction; we saw this in the hypertensive emergency case; only pathological in V2-V6) |
| Which HTN drugs also have renal protective effects (and are therefore indicated in diabetes)? | ACE inhibitors, ARBs |
| Bradycardia is less than ____ bpm? | 60 |
| Tachycardia is over ____ bpm? | 100 |
| The QRS is ____ in ventricular tachycardia? | Wide |
| Which interval on the ECG helps us track repolarization? | QT |
| If we wanted to use a beta blocker in a bradycardic patient, which would be implicated? | Pindolol (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, so it doesn't slow the heart as much) |
| Immediate treatment (operative) is indicated in what aortic dissection? | Type A (often treat type B with medications, unless rupture or poor perfusion indicates surgery) |
| What change occurs in dilated cardiomyopathy? | Decreased myocardial contractility (systolic dysfunction!) |
| What heart disease do we worry about with people who have alcoholism? | Dilated cardiomyopathy (alcoholism is the leading causein the US; ethanol and metabolites are toxic, interfering with ATP generation and calcium interactions) |
| Which cardiomyopathy results in diastolic dysfunction? | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (LV is small and noncompliant, making diastolic filling inadequate) |
| Which cardiomyopathy results in systolic dysfunction? | Dilated cardiomyopathy |
| What causes sudden death in young athletes? | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| What do cannon a-waves at JVP indicate? | AV block (RA contracting against a closed TV b/c of atrio-ventricular disassociation) |
| What could cause a machine like systolic-diastolic murmur? | Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (this is b/c aortic pressure is always higher than pulmonic, so the murmur continues in all phases) |
| What do left to right congenital shunts cause? | Pulmonary HTN |
| When prescribing verapamil (calcium channel blocker), what class of drugs must we worry about? | Beta blockers (both cause bradycardia and can cause HF) |
| If someone has HTN and asthma, what would we avoid? | Beta blockers (can cause bronchospasm) |
| What drug should you never give to someone post V-fib? | Flecanide (Fleck and die) |
| For which arrythmias do we use flecainide and procainamide? | Atrial arrhhytmias |
| What are the toxicities of amiodarone? | Thryroid disorders, pulmonary fibrosis, liver damage, blue skin |
| What could be changed on an EKG of someone who previously had an infarction? | Q wave (downward deflection) |
| What's our primary concern with atrial fibrillation? | Stroke (control with rate control) |
| How do we rate control atrial fibrillation? | Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers (verapamil and diltiazam, NEVER AT THE SAME TIME) |
| What virus causes myocarditis? | Coxsackie (creates dilated cardiomyopathy) |
| What causes "paradoxical splitting" upon ascultation? | aortic stenosis (also left bundle branch block; anything that delays LV emptying) |
| What causes a holosystolic "blowing" murmur that radiates toward the axilla? | mitral regurgitation (also tricuspid regurgitation; MR often cuased by ischemia, prolapse, or LV dilation) |
| What causes a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur after an "ejection click?" | aortic stenosis (pulsus parvus et tardus... pulses feel week but heart is loud; often comorbid w/syncope) |
| What causes a harsh sounding holosystolic murmur? | ventral septal defect |
| What causes a mid systolic click followed by a late systolic crescendo murmur? | mitral prolapse (most common lesion; usually benign; enhanced by squatting) |
| What causes a "blowing" diastolic murmur? | aortic regurgitation (often presents w/head bobbing or bounding pulses) |
| What causes a diastolic murmur that follows an opening snap? | mitral stenosis (rheumatic fever; enhanced by expiration) |
| What predisposes to torsades de pointes? | prlonged QT interval |
| What does a chaotic baseline w/no discrete P waves indicate? | atrial fibrillation |
| What does a sawtooth appearance of atrial depolarizations indicate? | atrial flutter (treat w/class IA, IC, III antiarrhythmics) |
| What does a prolonged PR interval indicate? | AV block |
| What does progressive lenghtening of PR interval until "dropped" beat indicate? | Wenckebach (2nd degree mobitz type 1; usually asymptomatic) |
| What does dropped beats not preceeded by change in PR interval length indicate? | Mobitz type II (often 2:1 block) |
| What does total atrial/ventricular dissociation (p waves not linked to QRS) indicate? | 3rd degree block (treat w/pacemaker) |
| What can an untreated VSD/ASD/PDA become? | Eisenmengers syndrome (arterial O2 desaturation; murmur disappears; late cyanosis w/clubbing and polycythemia) |
| What does early cyanosis indicate? | right to left shunt (tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia, TAPVR) |
| What does late cyanosis indicate? | VSD, ASD, PDA (progressive PHTN; right to left shunt develops; eisenmengers) |
| What are the four characteristics of the tetralogy of fallot? | Pulmonary stenosis, RVH, overriding aorta, VSD (patient squates to improve symptoms; fix w/surger) |
| Angina that only occurs with exertion is: | stable angina (indicates atherosclerosis; retrosternal chest pain; expect ST depression) |
| Angina that occurs at rest is called: | unstable angin (thrombosis likely present butno necrosis; ST depression) |
| How are MI's diagnosed during first 6 hours? | ECG |
| What does elevated troponin indicate? | MI within one week |
| What does elevated CK-MB indicate? | MI within three days |
| What are patients at risk for 5-7 days post MI? | Ventricular free wall rupture |
| What frequently causes right heart failure? | cor pulmonale (PHTN) |
| Elevated ASO titer indicates: | rheumatic heart disease (indicates infection w/group A strep b/c of ab's to anti streptolysin O) |
| A frication rub indicates: | pericarditis (often caused by SLE or uremia; pulsus paradoxus also present) |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.