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 Acid/bases (pH) is a compound that forms hydrogen ions H+ in solution; a solution with pH of less than 7  Aerobic and anaerobic respiration aerobic is process that requires oxygen; anaerobic is the process  Atom charges negative, positive, and neutral  ATP- i s the cluster of proteins that span the cell membrane and allow hydrogen ions H+ to pass through it  Carbohydrates and lipids uses is the compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; the type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body.  Cell membrane composition is the thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell  Chemical and physical changes chemical changes is the process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals; physical changes is the process when a physical feature changes.  Chromosome theory of inheritance genes are located on the chromosome and have a locus number and a gene name  Chromosomes and genes are threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that passed from one generation to the next; genes are sequence of DNA that codes for protein and thus determines a trait, and it is a factor that passed from parent to offspring  Coenzymes are not protein and they do not change  Convert within the metric system based on number 10's  Dehydration/hydrolysis not having enough water for your body  Difference between gametes and regular cells gametes are sex cells and regular cells are cells that make up our body not just ones that help reproduce  Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction asexual is process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that re genetically identical to parent, and sexual is a type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form a first cell of a new organism.  Diffusion is the process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to than where they are less concentrated. DNA and mRNA sequences (complementary bases) DNA bases are ATGC and mRNA is AUGC DNA and RNA- DNA gives you your traits, and RNA has 3 types Messenger, transfer, and ribosomal DNA composition proteins in ribosomes Effect of environment on cell growth mitosis Fermentation products oxygen, energy, and ATP Food chains light dependent and independent make food and oxygen Four most common elements found in living things carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, Water Function of chlorophyll has green pigment, gives color to leaves on trees and plants Genetic engineering incline bacteria Heterozygous / homozygous heterozygous means they are different, homo means they are the same Hypertonic / hypotonic solution hypertonic means when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes, hypotonic means when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes. Inheritance of mutations is the change in the genetic material of a cell Karyotypes are the micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in parts, arranged in order of decreasing size. Label parts of the cell DIAGRAM Label parts of the microscope DIAGRAM Law of dominance when one allele determines the expression of a trait Law of segregation when 2 alleles that control a trait separate into gametes Lipid composition is a macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils and waxes. Magnification/resolution (in regards to an electron microscope) the ability to see fine detail in 2 items Mass/Weight the amount the item is in kilograms Mutagens is a chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis a sperm gives off a X or Y in sexual reproduction and an egg gives off and X Parasites -one benfits and the other gets hurt Phenotype / genotype- is the children or adult type in a form just as ¼ AB: ½ OO: ¼ AA Photosynthesis and respiration photosynthesis takes in energy to build and respiration gives out energy Probability a number to another number out of a total number Product rule comes from the reactions Ratio of surface area to volume in cell growth mitosis Reactants and products reactants on the left side products on the right side Reduction of chromosome numbers during meiosis similar to mitosis, it makes another chromosome from itself Replication coping itself to make another Scanning tunneling microscope shows it has 3D it is high resolution Scientific method observe, form problem, form hypothesis, do experiment, results, analyze, and form conclusion Sister chromatids are the chromosome combine Stages of mitosis events prophase, anaphase, metaphase, Telophase Transcription gene untwist and RNA gets copy and it twist back up with copy Translation makes protein and mRNA code carries it down What happens when chemical bonds are broken the bond stops and the chain reaction stops as well What happens when you move the slide on the stage of a microscope you can see it better or worse and you get a clearer vision Chromosome theory of inheritance Walter Suttons Jumping (mobile) genes in Indian corn Barbra McClintock Cure for rabies Louis Pasteur Penicillin Louis Pasteur Sex chromosomes Nettie Stevens Principles of genetics Gregor Mendel Cells Robert Hooke invented the name for it; Robert Brown discovered cell nucleus Effects of DDT and wrote Silent Spring Double-helix model of the DNA molecule- Watson and Crick Mitochondria the power house, has 2 layers Golgi body protein is delivered Cytoplasm water in the cell between the nucleus and cell membrane Nucleus chromatin or chromosome Ribosome makes protein and RNA Endoplasmic reticulum smooth ER and rough ER stores enzymes and protein Vacuole storage tank full of water and materials Chloroplast traps light for photosynthesis Lysosome cleans up whatever gets invaded and nasty Biology study of organism Ecology the study of how living things and their environment interact with one another. Cytology The study of cells Physiology he study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Anatomy the bodily structure of animals and plants Genetics the study of genes