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Caravel D: an ocean faring vessel; I: invented by the Portuguese, major step in allowing Europeans to cross oceans traditional african slavery D: how Africans used slavery - clientship (person voluntarily works for no pay but can leave when he wants), pawnship (gives child, etc. as slave until able to pay back loans), prisoner of war, and punishment; I: had been happening for years before European slave trade, restrictions in Qur'an about slave treatment chattel slavery D: chattel is a thing that you own; I: slaves turn into property, no longer a person, slaves treated as goods Hernan Cortes D: Spanish conquistador; I: conquered the Aztecs because they thought he was a god, and because he aligned with an independent city state that wanted to fight with him against the Aztecs Montezuma D: a ruler of the Aztecs, in power when Cortes came; I: had heard a prophesy that a god would come back as a human to take his throne, so when he met Cortes, he thought it would be him, he was killed by his own people Malinche D: translator between Cortes and the Aztecs; I: many Mexicans blame her for the Spanish taking over, she was an advantage to Cortes in his effort to beat the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro D: Spanish conquistador who sailed from Panama to Peru in 1532; I: Conquers the Inca Empire by capturing Atahualpa in an ambush, who offered to give the Spanish lots of gold to spare his life, they got the gold and still killed , Pizarro was killed by other conquistadors in his group Atahualpa D: Inca ruler who had beat his brother in the civil war determining whether or not to keep the cult of the royal mummies; I: captured and then killed by the Spanish when he went to meet them, he had underestimated their power Bartolome de las Casas D: became a friar; I: told people to stop working the natives, who had become kind of like slaves, so hard, fought against encomienda system encomienda D: original conquistador rule; I: lots of slavery and people were often worked to death, not a useful system in the long run because so many slaves died, gave way to repartimiento mita D: Indians used to mine mercury and silver in Potosi and Huancavelica; I: not exactly slaves, because they were given small wages, but not paid well, were put to work in two month long shifts, but workers would go down into a mine on Monday and weren't allowed to come out until Saturday evening Treaty of Breda D: treaty between Dutch and English; I: English had gotten some tiny islands that had lots of sources of nutmeg, Dutch traded New Amsterdam (Manhattan) for an island with nutmeg Matteo Ricci D: Jesuit in China; I: doesn't discourage Chinese honoring their ancestors or ask them to lose filial piety, studied Chinese culture, the emperor respected him Catholics in Japan D: came during daimyo/warring period; I: daimyos use the Catholics to convert other daimyos' peasants to Catholicism Hideyoshi (r. 1582-1598) D: a peasant-born general who seized power in Japan; I: unified Japan, originally allowed the Christians to stay in Japan but then made them leave and also killed many of them by the 17th century, which led to 230 years of almost complete Japanese isolation Shah Ismail D: founder of the Safavid dynasty, whose state religion was Shia Islam; I: said he was a descendent of Ali and therefore has the right to become leader, Shi'ite Muslims were the enemies of the Ottoman Empire, who were Sunnis Akbar the Great D: greatest of Mughal (Muslim empire in the north of India) rulers; I: grandson of Babur, conquered lots of land, but was also a very good ruler, wanted to bring Hindus and Muslims together, made his own religion, which didn't work, abolished many taxes put on Hindus, encouraged intermarriage, allowed Hindus in the upper levels of govt., helped women and wanted to reduce alcoholism Isfahan D: new capital of Safavid; I: "jewel" of Muslim world, image of Quranicvision of paradise, center of their culture Gunpowder revolution D: Turkic nomads led by Babur who fought against the northern Indians; I: used guns, which were unknown to the Indians, started gunpowder empire absolutism D: a style of monarchy in which the king has absolute power over the country; I: worked better in France than in England, because France's Parliament had less power, Louis XIV D: absolutist king of France; I: grew up to hate nobles, believed he needed to take all power into his hands, acted as though he was the state, kept nobles at Versailles so they wouldn't have any power, put commoners in government positions so that they were loyal to him, only can be one religion so Huguenots leave Charles I D: part of Stuart dynasty, wanted to be absolutist monarch; I: couldn't be absolute king because English Parliament had power over the country's money, constitutional monarchy instead, didn't call Parliament and raised taxes without telling Parliament, tries to get $ to raise army to fight against Scottish rebels, but Parliament doesn't give him $ and refuses to dissolve, Charles makes his own army and Parliament makes their own army, and then they start a civil war Oliver Cromwell D: leader of the Parliament army, was a Puritan; I: started dictatorship in England because the people weren't following Parliament rule, strict ruler, but religiously tolerant, asked the Jews to come back to England, hated Catholics, went into Ireland and mercilessly stopped their rebellion the Glorious Revolution D: revolution in which Mary, daughter of James II, and her husband, William, were asked to come rule England; I: no bloodshed, Puritans now in charge, constitutionalism is the right government English Bill of Rights D: bill that gives all power to Parliament; I: monarchs can't interfere in debates or elections in Parliament, all future monarchs have to be Catholic, Parliament has to meet at least every 3 years