| Term | Definition |
| scientific method | organized, logical approach to solving scientific problems or questions |
| hypothesis | a possible answer to a problem or question |
| theory | a hypothesis that has proven to be correct and is supported by the results of experimentation or observation |
| scientific law | a rule that correctly and accurately describes natural phenomena |
| experiment | process of testing a hypothesis through scientific procedure |
| observation | gathering information through the use of senses |
| geosphere | the solid (rock) part of the Earth |
| hydrosphere | the liquid (water) part of the Earth |
| atmosphere | the gaseous (air) part of the Earth |
| exosphere | everything "outside" the Earth |
| geology | the Earth science that studies the geosphere |
| oceanography | the Earth science that studies the hydrosphere |
| meteorology | the Earth science that studies the atmosphere |
| astronomy | the Earth science that studies the exosphere |