| Term | Definition |
| adage | a wise saying |
| bonanza | a rich mass of ore in a mine;something very valuable |
| churlish | lacking politeness |
| citadel | a fortress that overlooks and protects a city |
| collaborate | to work with |
| decree | an order having the force of law |
| discordant | disagreeable in sound |
| evolve | to develop gradually |
| excerpt | a passage taken from a book, article, etc. |
| grope | to search blindly |
| hover | to float or hang suspended over |
| jostle | to make or force one's way by pushing or elbowing |
| laggard | a person who moved slowly |
| plaudits | applause |
| preclude | to make impossible |
| revert | to return;go back |
| rubble | broken stones or bricks |
| servile | of or relating to a slave |
| vigil | a watch, especially at night |
| wrangle | to argue in a noisy, angry way |