Chapter 12:Psychological Disorders
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 abnormal behavior | is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time |
| medical model | describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin |
| biological approach | psychological disorders to organic, internal causes... primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality |
| psychological approach | emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders |
| sociocultural approach | emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture |
| biopsychosocial model | influenced by biological factors (such as genes), psychosocial factors (such as childhood experiences), and socioculutral factors (such as gender). |
| DSM-IV | diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, introduced in 1994 |
| Axis I | all diagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation |
| Axis II | Personality disorders and mental retardation |
| Axis III | General medical conditions |
| Axis IV | Psychosocial and environmental problems |
| Axis V | current level of functioning |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | one of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
| criticism of DSM-IV | complex interaction of biological, psychological, and environmental factors in psychological disorders, reflects the medical model, focuses strictly on pathology and problems |
| anxiety disorders | involve fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life- motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts |
| Types of anxiety disorders | Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder |
| generalized anxiety disorder | psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for least 6 months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety |
| panic disorder | anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause |
| phobic disorder (phobia) | anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation |
| post-traumatic stress disorder | anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster |
| PTSD symptoms | fashbacks (reliving events), avoiding emotional experiences and avoiding talking about emotions with others, reduced ability to feel emotions, excessivie arousal, diff arousal, diff with memory and concentration, feelings of apprehension, impulsive outbursts |
| mood disorders | psychological disorders in which there is a primary disturbance of mood: prolonged emotion that colors the individual's entire emotional state |
| depressive disorders | mood disorders in which the individual suffers from despression: an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life |
| major depressive disorder | involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks |
| MDD symptoms | five must be present during a two-week period- depressed mood most of the day, reduced interest or pleasure... see page 424 |
| Dysthymic disorder | mood disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than MDD |
| DD symptoms | poor appetite or overeating, sleep problems, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, feelings of hopelessness |
| biological factors | genetic, lower levels of brain activity in a section of the prefrontal cortex that is involved in generating actions |
| learned helplessness | an individual's acquisition of feelings of powerlessness when he or she is exposed to aversive circumstances, such as prolonged stress, over which that individual has no control |
| sociocultural factors | individuals with a low socioeconomic status... women are twice as likely to develop depression |
| bipolar disorder | a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state |
| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation, more common in girls than women, |
| main characteristics of A.N. | weight less than 85 percent of what is considered norman for age and height |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder in which an individual (typically a girl or a woman) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern |
| FACT | many personality characteristics and behaviors that are associated with anorexia and bulimia are influenced by genes |
| binge eating disorder | characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating |
| dissociative disorders | psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts |
| amnesia | the inability to recall important events |
| dissociative amnesia | characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress |
| dissociative fugue | fugue means flight, dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia buy also unexpectedly travels away from home and assumes a new identity |
| dissociative identity disorder | formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships |
| Schizophrenia | a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes, referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality |
| hallucinations | sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli |
| delusions | false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture |
| referential thinking | ascribing personal meaning to completely random events |
| catatonia | state of immobility and unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time |
| flat affect | display of little or no emotion- a common negative symptom of schizophrenia |
| thought disorder | unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characterstic positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
| "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia | reflect something added above and beyond normal behavior- hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and disorders of movement |
| "negative" symptoms | reflect social withdrawl, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions |
| FACT | genetic factors play a role in schizophrenia, structural brain abnormalities, problems in neurotransmitter regulation, stress may contribute to the development, poverty contributes as well |
| diathesis-stress model | argues that a combination of biogenetic disposition and stress causes schizophrenia (diathesis means physical vulnerability or predisposition to a particular disorder) |
| personality disorders | chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality |
| FACT | 10 different personality disorders |
| anti social personality disorder | psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit |
| DSM-IV criteria for anti social personality disorder include: | failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, lying, impulsivity or failure to plan ahead,... page 440 |
| borderline personality disorder | a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts |
| BPD symptoms | frantic efforts to avoid being abandoned, unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by extreme shifts.. ph 441 |
| FACT | over 26% of Americans age 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable psychological disorder in a given year |
| Stigma | they are people! |
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