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Viscosity The Resistance of a liquid to flow Pyroclastic Flow A flow of hot gases, ash, cinders and bombs put off by an explosive eruption Volcano A weakspot in the crust where magma has come to the surface Hot Spot Volcano Material from the mantle rises close to the surface, melting through the crust. Can form a string of islands, for example Hawaii. Lava Magma that reaches the surface Shield Volcanoes A wide gently sloping mountain formed by layers of Low-Silica, fast and runny lava from quiet eruptions (Low Viscosity) Where do volcanoes occur? Diverging plate boundaries, Converging plate boundaries, and Hot Spots Examples of diverging plate volcanoes Mid Ocean Ridges and Rift Valleys Converging plate volcanoes Occur at subducting boundaries, and may form island arcs. Example: Japan and Caribbean Composite Volcano Tall cone-shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash. Pele's Hair Wind-blown extremely thin lava with LOW viscosity Parts of a volcano from bottom to top Magma Chamber, Pipe, Vents (Top and /or sides), Crater Caldera Depression formed when magma chamber collapses from emptying of magmam usually from eruption Pahoehoe Fast moving hot lava with low viscosity A'a' Lava that is cooler, slower moving, with higher viscosity Low Viscosity= High Velocity Physical property Trait of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance Chemical Property Any property that produces a change in the composition of matter Lahar Pyroclastic Flow with more water than usual Fumerole Steam vent or hot spring Source of heat or electricity production Geothermal Heat NonDuality A Continuum of Degrees of a certain trait Volcanic Neck Forms when magma cools in a volcano's pipe Volcanic Dike Magma squeezed vertically or obliquely (diagonally) between rock layers and hardened Volcanic Sill Magma squeezed horizontally between rock layers