1.
Alexander Kerensky & the Provisional Government: he was an agrarian socialist who became prime minister in July-refused to confiscate large landholdings and give them to peasants; Believed continuation of war was still the all-important national duty; Shared power with the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' deputies; Quickly established equality before the law, freedom of religion, speech, and assembly, the right of unions to organize and strike, and the rest of the classic liberal program
2.
Algeciras Conference 1906: new diplomatic environment in which Germany sees itself threatened by all-everyone decides germany is hostile
3.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand: His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World War I
4.
Armenian genocide: Ottoman gov ordered a genocidal on Armenians when fighting Russia near Armenian territory- a million Armenians died
5.
Ataturk: Turkey produced a great leader and revived to become an inspiration for many modernizing reformers under Mustafa Kenal (1881-1939 aka A______)-military man who had directed the successful defense of the Dardanelles against British attack
Moved to central Turkey and gradually unified the Turkish resistance→got rid of hated Capitulations
Believed Turkey should modernize and secularize along Western lines
Established a republic, elected himself president, created a one-party system in order to transform country
Set out to limit the place of religion and religious leaders in daily affairs-decreed a revolutionary separation of church and state; women received rights
6.
Balfour Declaration: 1917-made by british foreign secretary Arthur B______, had declared that Britian favored a "National Home for the Jewish People" in Palestine, but whiout prejudicing the civil and religious rights of the non-Jewish communities already living in Palestine
some members of British cabinet believed the declaration would appeal to German, Austrian, and American Jews and thus help the British war effort but others sincerely supported the Zionist vision of a Jewish homeland which they hoped would also help Britain maintain control of the Suez canal
Palestinian Arabs were dismayed
7.
Balkans: A region in southeastern Europe; occupied by the Central powers (Ottoman empire, Austria and Germany)
8.
Battle of the Somme: British and French gained an insignificant 125 square miles at the cost of 600,000 dead or wounded, while Germans lost 500,000 men
9.
Battle of Verdun: Unsuccessful German campaign against V____ cost 700,000 lives on both sides
10.
Bismarck's diplomacy (1871-1890): The goal: maintaining the status quo of good relations with Britain, France isolated, and Austro-Russian rivalry in the Balkans contained
The means: 1. Not challenging Britain's naval supremacy or colonial interests; 2. Encouraging French African adventures (for this dude, the less Africa, the better); 3. The alliance system among Germany, Autria-Hungary, and Imperial Russia
11.
Cheka: terror by secret police used as a tool of government-revolutionary terror
12.
David Lloyed George: Unenthusiastic about league of nations-concerned with punished Britain; Wanted to make Germany pay for the war
13.
Duma: Russia's lower house: Set up special committees to coordinate defense, industry, transportation, and agriculture to improve the military situation
Proposed legislation weighted in favor of the wealthy/conservative classes-subject to tsar's veto
Grew critical of the tsar's leadership→progressive bloc called for a new gov responsible to the D____ instead of tsar→Declared a provisional gov on March 12, 1917
14.
Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929): A rising tide of war-weariness and defeatism swept France's civilian population before him→ Ruthless and effective wartime leader of France came to power in November 1917
Established a virtual dictatorship, pouncing on strikers and, jailing without trial journalists/politicians who dared to suggest a compromise peace with Germany
15.
Georges Clemenceau (again?): Agreed with George, had broken wartime defeatism and led his country to victory
Wanted old-fashioned revenge and lasting security for France
Compromised with Wilson, not creating a buffer state by gained his goal of French security, as Wilson had won his goal of a permanent international organization
16.
Karl Liebknecht + Rosa Luxemburg = Spartacus Revolt in Berlin, 1919: they were radical socialists; tried to seize control of gov in Spartacus revolt in Berlin 1919- moderate socialists were able to use their still together gov to squash the rev
17.
League of Nations: Wilson created this, a permanent international organization could protect member states from aggression and avert future wars
Had power to require member states to take collective action against aggression- US didn't like this
18.
Lenin (1870-1924) & Trotsky (1879-1940): Socialist leaders of Russia
1. return to Marxian revolutionary upheaval as a necessity; no trade union consciousness
2. elite, secret professional revolutionary pros
3. no waiting; revolution now! Use peasant land hunger as a revolutionary force, exploit other social classes besides proletariat
19.
March Revolution, 1917 vs. November Revolution, 1917: (In Russia) Result of an unplanned uprising of hungry, angry people in the capital, but it was joyfully accepted throughout the country
All classes and political parties called for liberty and democracy
20.
Nicholas II & Alexandra: N______-vowed never to make peace as long as the enemy stood on Russian soil: Wished to maintain sacred inheritance of supreme royal power-failed to form a close partnership with his citizens in order to fight the war more effectively-relied on old bureaucratic apparatus and distrusted Duma, rejecting popular involvement/sharing power; Traveled to the front to lead and rally Russia's armies-fatal turning point-A_____, his wife, took over
A______-strong willed, hated parliaments, tried to rule absolutely-unseated top ministers
21.
Ottoman Empire ("the sick man of Europe"): Entered into the war alongside Austria and Germany
Got that nickname b/c of the way it was collapsing throughout the 1800s- ineffective industrialization, poor gov administration- not strong enough to maintain own empire, started losing chunks of itself
22.
Petrograd Soviet & Army Order No. 1: modeled on revolutionary soviets of 1905-huge mass meeting of two thousand to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals: issued its own radical order weakening the provisional gov
A___ O___ No. _-stirpped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers; Designed to protect the revolution from some counter-revolutionary Bonaparte →led to a total collapse of army discipline
23.
Rasputin: a debauched adventurer and self-proclaimed holy man-the "degenerate"-3 members of the high aristocracy murdered him in December 1916 leaving Alexandra in shock→food shortages worsened, morale declined
24.
Reparations & the "war guilt clause": Allies declared that Germany (with Austria) was responsible for the war and had therefore to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the war
Germans are guilty
25.
Schlieffen Plan: created by Count Alfred von S______
it was the German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating their troops in the west, quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the east to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully
a French counterattack on the outskirts of Paris (the Battle of the Marne), and surprisingly speedy Russian offensives, ended the German offensive and resulted in years of trench warfare
26.
Self-determination: Played such a large role in starting the war, was accepted for Europe and served as an organizing framework
27.
The Easter Rebellion: People were beginning to crack under the strain of total war by spring 1916: april, Irish nationalists in Dublin tried to take advantage of this situation and rose up against British rule
A week of fighting passed before the rebels were crushed and leaders executed
Liebknecht's outbreak→strikes and protest marches over inadequate food began to flare up on every home from
28.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: A third of old Russia's population was sliced away by Germany in March 1918 in order to reach a peace settlement
29.
Walter Rathenau & the War Raw Materials Board: Jewish industrialist in charge of Germany's largest electric company
Convinced Government to set this up to ration and distribute raw materials- a form of war communism
Every useful material was inventoried and rationed
Attempted to produce substitutes such as synthetic rubber and nitrates needed to make explosives
Aggressive recycling campaigns
Food was rationed
30.
Whites vs. Reds (in the Civil War): Whites came from many social groups and were united only by their hatred of the Bolsheviks-the reds
Whites were defeated by the Reds because...
•More centralized location- strategic control of the center of the country helped; opponents were scattered around periphery of the country
•Whites divided among conservatives and liberals
•Reckless intervention by foreign troops-Brits, Japanese, American, French sent war materials to assist whites to defeat reds, allowed reds to say "ah we are protecting Russia from foreign invasion" which rallied troops
•Mobilized homefront and developed a better army- "war communism"
•Cheka- use of terror to eliminate opposition
•Red army- adequate fighting force
31.
Wilhelm II- his diplomacy...: German emporer: 1894-1914: Upsetting the status quo: the undoing of Bismarck's work by ending Russo-German cooperation (alienating Russia), pusuit of a German colonial empire and building a navy of modern warships to serve it (thus alienating Great Britain)
Responses: Franco-Russian alliance, 1894; Britain patches up strained relations with France in Africa and with Russia in Central Asia; Moroccan Crisis→Algeciras Conference 1906 = new diplomatic environment in which Germany sees itself threatened by all
32.
Woodrow Wilson: President of US, general optimism for peace conference was strengthened by his Peace proposal- the Fourteen Points, which stressed national self-determination and the rights of small countries
Obsessed with creating the league of nations
Insisted that only a permanent international organization could protect member states from aggression and avert future wars
Got his way, although Lloyd George of Britain and Clemenceau of France were unenthusiastic
