General Biology Semester 1 Final Review
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Clausen Plus on December 14, 2010
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95 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Science | An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world |
| Data | Information gathered from observations. Also called evidence. |
| Qualitative Data | Data that cannot me easily measured. Examples include color or texture. |
| Quantitative Data | Data that can me measured and expressed as numbers. |
| Inference | Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge. |
| Hypothesis | Possible explanation for a set of observations. Must be testable. |
| Spontaneous Generation | the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources |
| Controlled Experiment | an experiment in which only one variable is manipulated (changed) at a time |
| Responding Variable | the variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable |
| Manipulated Variable | the variable that is deliberately changed. The varialbe that is being tested. |
| Pastuer | used swan neck flask to finally prove that living things do NOT come from nonliving things |
| Theory | a well tested explanation that unifies many observations. |
| Biosphere | the part of earth where life exists |
| ecosystem | collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment |
| Community | a group of organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other |
| Population | a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area |
| Organism | An individual living thing |
| Electron | negatively charged particle outside of nucleus |
| Proton | positively charged particle inside of nucleus |
| neutron | neutral particle located inside of nucleus |
| isotope | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| compound | substance formed by two or more elements |
| Ionic Bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Covalent Bond | a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| molecule | smallest unit of most compounds |
| polarity | Unequal distribution of charges in water causing one end to be positive and the other negative |
| Cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | an attraction between molecules of different substances |
| carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
| starch | polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers |
| glycogen | polysaccharide in animal cells that consists of many glucose monomers |
| monomer | small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule |
| polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| monosaccharide | single sugar molecule (monomer) |
| polysaccharide | large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides |
| lipid | macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
| nucleic acid | a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides. Carries genetic information. |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes |
| Amino Acid | basic building blocks of protein molecules |
| Enzyme | a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing. Lowers the activiation energy. |
| Catalyst | substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| chemical reaction | process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| activation energy | energy needed to get a reaction started |
| enzyme substrate complex | Formed when the substrate binds to an enzyme. |
| active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
| catalase | Enzyme responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen |
| pepsin | Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach |
| amylase | enzyme that breaks down starch |
| lipase | enzyme that breaks down lipids |
| mechanical digestion | the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces |
| chemical digestion | the digestion process in which enzymes are used to break foods into their smaller chemical buiding blocks |
| Cell Theory | the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms |
| Cell membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| Cell Wall | strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, fungi, and some bacteria |
| Cytoplasm | material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus |
| nucleus | The organelle that contains the DNA and controls the processes of the cell |
| chromosome | a structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary material |
| prokaryote | organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| eukaryote | A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| cytoskeleton | cellular framework found within the cytoplasm composed of microtubules and microfilaments |
| Ribosomes | small round structures that make proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an internal membrane system in which proteins are constructed |
| golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| lysosomes | cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell |
| chloroplast | organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| mitochondria | organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
| vacuole | storage structures for food, water, minerals, waste |
| glucose | The body's blood sugar; a simple form of carbohydrate |
| selectively permeable | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot. |
| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| hypertonic solution | a solution that has a higher concentration of solute outside than inside a cell, causing water to leave the cell by osmosis |
| hypotonic solution | a solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, causing water to flow into the cell by osmosis |
| isotonic solution | a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell |
| active transport | the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy: low to high |
| passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell; high to low |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| exocytosis | process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
| mesophyll | specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant's photosynthesis |
| palisade mesophyll | layer of cells under the upper epidermis of a leaf where most photosynthesis occurs |
| stomata | the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move |
| guard cells | cells that control the opening and closing of stomata based on water pressure |
| xylem | vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant |
| phloem | the vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
| ATP | main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| cellular respiration | process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen (produces 36 ATP) |
| lactic acid fermentation | is one of the processes that supplies energy when no oxygen is availabe. Causes muscle soreness. |
| autotroph | an organism that makes its own food |
| heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food |
| waxy cuticle | Forms a waterproof layer to stop water loss in leaves |
| spongy mesophyll | loosely packed mesophyll layer with air spaces; cells have many chloroplasts |
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