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Counter-example an example that contradicts a scientific conclusion Hypothesis an educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question Theory an hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data Scientific Law a theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data Scientific method Observations Hypothesis Perform experiments Hypothesis becomes theory Perform experiments over many years Theory is now a law What can science prove? Nothing. It can only disprove. What did Lowell observe on Mars? Observations of faint lines of Mars Hypothesis of canals on Mars Detailed study of surface of Mars What does it take to destroy a scientific law? One counter-example What are the three limitations of science? It can't prove anything. It is not 100% reliable. It must conform to the scientific method. Why was the discovery of high-temperature superconductors so startling to scientists? The BCS (Bardeen, Cooper, Schreifer) theory which had been verified by many experiments said that superconductivity could not exist at high temperatures