Evolution and Extinction
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Created by:
packerfan160 on December 14, 2010
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74 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 DNA | composed of two strands of sugar-phosphate backbone bound to nucleic acids |
| 2% | the approximate percentage of the human genome codes for proteins |
| tRNA | are used by the ribosome to read the messenger RNA |
| Replication and transcription | the two main central dogma processes that occur in the nucleus |
| Introns | are removed during splicing and stay in the nucleus |
| Three Domains of Life | Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
| Prokaryotes(bacteria) | the true owners of our world |
| Oxygen | it wasnt present before the evolution of photosynthesis on this planet. |
| 2.5 Billion years old | the age of the oldest Eukaryote fossil |
| Four lines of evidence for endosymbiosis theory | 1. size of organelles nearly identical to size of free-living prokaryotes 2. organelles of eukaryotes have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes 3. organelles reproduce separately during division of eukaryotic cell 4. mitochondria are susceptible to antibiotics |
| Inside of stars | where all elements heavier than He are produced |
| During Supernovae Explosion | where all elements heavier than Fe are produced |
| Why there is extra iron in the universe | because it is the end product of normal stellar nucleosynthesis |
| Age of Earth | 4.45 billion years old |
| Two key things we learn from meteorites | composition of the inner planets and age of the Earth/Solar system |
| Ring Species | species that have interbreeding populations with range endpoints that do not interbreed. |
| Homologous Species | a structure derived from a common ancestor and can be modified for different uses in different lineages |
| Its Size | why mars has so much less atmosphere than Earth and Venus |
| Sedimentary Rocks | where a huge amount of C02 is tied up on earth |
| Four Steps to build a habitable planet | 1.) Raw material 2.) heavy construction 3.) Modifications 4.) make it comfortable |
| Cuvier | The main proponent of the reality of extinction |
| Cretaceous mas extinction | the mass extinction that caused the end of the dinosaurs |
| 99% | percentage of animals to have ever lived that are now extinct |
| Permian mass extinction | Largest of the mass extinctions |
| Marine Biota | the type of biota most affected by the permian extinction |
| Generation | the timescale most relevant to measuring evolutionary rates |
| Three things required for natural selection to occur | Variation Heritability Differential Reproduction |
| 3 ways groups of organism may become reproductively isolated | Geographic barriers; different mating/flowering seasons (timing); different mating displays/phermones; different pollinators in plants; sterile hybrids; unviable embryos |
| Faunal Succession | discovered before natural selection theory, can be used to order and subdivide geologic time, and forms the basis of biostratigraphy |
| Directional Selection Followed by stabilizing selection | a population starts out on the slope of adaptive landscape with only one fitness peak that is static over time; this is the expected type of selection of the population, assuming that that natural selection can act on the relevant traits |
| Haldane | change in standard deviations per generation |
| how imperfect are paleontological collections | 2% globally, locally it can be quite complete 0-100% |
| Edmond Halley | used the saltiness of the ocean to determine the age of the earth |
| The Erosion of the Weald | the erosion of a landscape in england used to measure the age of the earth |
| The accumulation of sediment | measuring the thickness of sedimentary rocks used to estimate age of earth |
| William Thompson | lord kelvin. Laws of Thermodynamics to explain how the universe works. earth cooled from original molten mass mixing achieves equilibrium center solidifies firs no other energy inputs end result is sphere of uniform temperature |
| Kants nebular hypothesis | solar system formed by gravitational collapse of dust and gas in planetary nebula gravitational contraction resulted in increase in temperature; impacts of asteroids into other bodies converted kinetic energy to heat given open system of solar system and law of conservation, system must cool down; time required can be calculated |
| Radioisotopic Decay | chemical elements are defined by the number of protons (+) in there nucleus. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons (neutral charge). some isotopes are unstable and will spontaneously decay into new stable elements, most these process give off high-energy particles that can be measured |
| Oldest Rock from Earth | 4.03 Ga up in canada eh |
| Oldest Mineral from Earth | 4.40 Ga |
| Oldest Objects on Earth | 4.55 Ga meteorites |
| Oldest Visible prokaryote fossil | 3.465 Gyr |
| When oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere | 2,300,000,000 2.3 Ga |
| Oldest eukaryote fossil | 2.5 Ga |
| Earth freezes over "snowball earth" | 710,000,000 710 Ma |
| Oldest Multicellular animal fossil | 600,000,000 yr 600 Ma |
| Cambrian Explosion of animals | 542,000,000 yr 542 Ma |
| First Archosaurs | 240,000,000 yr |
| Why there is extra iron in the universe | because that is the end product of normal stellar nucleosynthesis |
| Sun | rather small start, it does not have enough mass to go supernova, it barely has enough mass to burn He, made up of H, and He, 2nd generation |
| When will the sun burn out | In 5 Ga our sun will run out of H fuel and will begin to collapse; this will heat up outer shell, expands to engulf earth; ultimately core will cool to a white dwarf |
| Moon | soon after earth formation a mars-sized early planet is believe to have impacted earth material ejected from earth/impactor eventually coalesced to form the moon |
| Two key things that plate tectonics does that are important to evolution | 1.) move continents around 2.) recycle/release material at earths surface |
| What controls planet's temperature | 1) luminosity of star 2) distance from star 3) reflectivity of surface 4) composition of atmosphere |
| Water on earth | Most water on the earth derives from degassing of the mantle |
| where a lot of CO2 is tied up in | Sedimentary rocks - active tectonics and liquid H2O permits this |
| chemolithotrophs | use inorganic compounds as an energy source; e.g., iron oxidizing, sulfide oxidizing, and hydrogen oxidizing |
| photolithotrophs | use light as an energy source in photosynthesis; normal photosynthesis releases O2, but photosynthesis can be anoxygenic |
| Key elements of bacteria/archea | 1) Barrier to external environment (cell wall and phospholipid bilayer) 2) DNA/RNA 3) Ribosomes |
| Rusting of the planet to accumulate free O2 | before evolution of photosynthesis, there was no free oxygen in atmosphere: its way too reactive when no oxygen was present in atmosphere, elements like Fe were soluble in water; in order for O2 to build up in atmosphere, oceans had to rust! |
| ~2.4 Ga | Economically important precambrian iron: superior province banded iron formation |
| Origin of eukaryotes believed to be the "enclosure" of some prokaryotic cells by another larger prokaryotic cell | 1) size of organelles within eukaryotic cells is nearly identical to the size of free-living prokaryotes to which they are metabolically similar 2) organelles of eukaryotes (mitochondria, chloroplasts) have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes; sequences are similar to prokaryotes 3) Organelles have their own independent mechanisms of reproduction during division of eukaryotic cell 4) Mitochondria are susceptible to antibiotics |
| The Middle Cambrian | Trilobite Evolution |
| What Caused the Cambrian Explosion | Biological Factors -Devlopmental Trigger: the evolution of HOX genes and the differentiation and patterning of animal body plans -Ecological Trigger: the evolution of predators and an evolutionary arms race Physical Factors -Oxygen Trigger: O2 threshold reached, permitting evolution of large bodied animals w/ active lifestyles -Snowball Earth: the deepfreeze of earth "did something" to prompt the evolution of animals with shells |
| The "Great Unconformity" | 1.5 Ga of missing piece |
| Problems getting onto land | Gravity and water. Must have structural features to support body. must have structural features to prevent desiccatioin |
| Arthropods | First animal to get on land, have exoskeleton |
| Causes of Extinction | -Out-competed by other organisms -Environmental Change -Evolution -Stochastic (Random) |
| Normal "Background" Extinction | extinction due to many different taxon specific causes (e.g., predation, competition) and to chance; continuously happening; accounts for MOST extinctions |
| Mass Extinctions | Wholesale elimination of many unrelated taxa on a global scale; extinction rate is significantly higher than normal; the "rules" of who lives/dies change; constitutes a small proportion of total extinction over time, but have disproportionate effects; usually thought to be drieven by unusual/rare events |
| Big Five major mass extinctions | Permian/Triassic: ~95% species loss on land and in sea Ordovician/Silurian: ~85% species loss in sea, too few land metazoans to make any estimates Triassic/Jurassic: ~80% species lost, land and sea Cretaceous/Paleogene: 76% of all species went extinct; non-avian dinosaurs go extinct End-Devonian: estimates vary... this one has been discounted |
| How dinosaurs went extinct | Mammals out compete "inferior" dinosaurs Smoking Gun |
| Siliciclastics | High nutrient, soft substrates |
| Carbonates | Low nutrient, firm substrates |
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