Biology Chapter 10
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Created by:
calebhansen11 on December 15, 2010
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27 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Heredity | The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring |
| Traits | Characteristics that are inherited |
| Genetics | The branch of biology that studies heredity |
| Gametes | Male and female sex cells |
| Fertilization | The uniting of male and female gametes |
| Zygote | The diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg |
| Pollination | The transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ in a plant |
| Hybrid | The offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait, such as tall and short height |
| Alleles | Alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism |
| Dominant | The observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait |
| Recessive | The trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait |
| Law of Segregation | A Mendelian principle explaining that because each plant has two different alleles, it can produce two different types of gametes. During fertilization, male and female gametes randomly pair to produce four combinations of alleles |
| Phenotype | The way an organism looks and behaves |
| Genotype | The allele combination an organism contains |
| Homozygous | When there are two identical alleles for a trait |
| Heterozygous | When there are two different alleles for a trait |
| Law of Independent Assortment | A Mendelian principle stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other |
| Diploid Cell | A cell with two of each kind of chromosome |
| Haploid Cell | A cell with one of each kind of chromosome |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Paired chromosomes with genes for the same traits arranged in the same order |
| Meiosis | A type of cell division where one body cell produces four gametes, each containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent's body cell |
| Sperm | Male gametes |
| Eggs | Female gametes |
| Sexual Reproduction | The pattern of reproduction that involves the production and subsequent fusion of haploid sex cells |
| Crossing Over | The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis; results in new allele combinations |
| Genetic Recombination | The major source of genetic variation among organisms caused by reassortment or crossing over during meiosis |
| Nondisjunction | The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis; results in gametes with too many or too few chromosomes |
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