1.
Alexander Oprin(Early 1900s): "heterotroph hypothesis" A Russian who spent a lot of time visiting places that were most like Earth's first formation;volcanoes were tested.He proposed that the early earth's atmosphere was composed of NH3,CH4,H2O,and H2. Enough raw materials and ammonia with a jolt of energy could spontaneously chemically react.A primordial sea "swishing around" resulted in unicellular heterotrophic organisms who ate primordial sea.Other anaerobic life forms from forces of evolutionary change through natural selection.
2.
Cleave/Cut: cuts DNA chemically with restriction.An enzyme produces and completes "Sticky ends";snips the DNA between guanine and adenine on each strand-when DNA pops apart, it produces the "sticky ends".The sticky ends want to come together with someone so the human DNA match with the plasmid sticky ends.
3.
clone transgenic cells: let the bacteria do what it naturally does; replicate asexually or reproduce by binary fission(benefits diabetics)
4.
coacerates: showing enzymatic activity,it acidified the salination of PH
5.
creationism: divine being or God
6.
discern the cells(for cells with the same gene OR the gene itself with larger quantities): (for cells with the same gene OR the gene itself with larger quantities)same procedure(1-5), but use plasmid with an easily identifiable gene(resistance to an antibiotic)-ampicelin
7.
DNA fingerprinting: matching the banding pattern of an unknown DNA sample(ex.crime scene investigating) with the banding power from DNA with a known origin(ex.suspect in the crime)
8.
evolution: well documented change that occurs to organisms
9.
Extract DNA: gene of interest and vector(structure to transfer recombinant DNA into another organism) Ex.insulin gene(human cell)/plasmid(bacterium)
10.
Functions of DNA engineering: identify a particular individual; identify certain genetic disorders
11.
Functions of genetic engineering: produce a transgenic (an organism that will have a new characteristic);vaccine against herpes and smallpox,to make a lot of desired proteins(ex.insulin for diabetics),can be used for genetic disorders in the future
12.
Genetic engineering: process to isolate the gene from the DNA of one organism and to transfer it into the DNA of another organism where hopefully that gene can be expressed
13.
life from outer space: aliens; life from elsewhere landing here
14.
microspheres "life-like" qualities: 1)they have "membrane" around them
2)reproduce similar to asexual reproduction
3)show osmosis
15.
Others: produced other monomers
16.
premise: each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a certain recognition sequence.These sequences/sites will be at different places in different homologous chromosomes,therefore DNA cut with a restriction enzyme,will provide various links
17.
S.Miller & H.Urey(1950s): They took Oprin's atmosphere and put it in a flask and used electrical sparks and heat to jolt this mixture. After jolting for seven days and seven nights, which led to amino acids(building blocks of protein).
18.
spontaneous generation/abiogenesis: living things coming from absolutely nothing
19.
Sydney Fox(1950s): He started with amino acids and repeatedly heated and cooled them for several weeks,leading him to protenoids(baby amino acids). He salinated them which led to microspheres.
20.
transparent host cell: encourage its bacteria to take in foreign (recombinant) DNA which goes to transgenic; new genes(Ex. insulin)
