The Senses
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Created by:
alyssa-aryn on December 15, 2010
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Adv Bio
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 General sense of touch | Temperature, Pressure, Pain |
| Special senses | Smell, sight, taste, hearing and equilibrium |
| 70% | percentage of sensory receptors in the eye |
| over one million | amount of nerve fibers in the eye |
| Eye Protection | The eye is enclosed in a bony orbit a fat cushion surrounds the eye |
| Tarsal glands | modified sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye |
| Ciliary glands | modified sweat glands between eyelashes |
| Conjunctiva | membrane that lines the eyelid and attaches to the eye; secretes mucus to lubricate the eye |
| Conjunctivitis | Inflammation of the conjunctiva results in redden irritated eyes; Pinkeye - viruses and bacteria |
| Lacrimal glands | produce fluid (diluted salt solution aka tears) |
| Lacrimal canals | drain tear from the eye |
| Lacrimal sac | provides passage for lacrimal fluid to the nasal cavity |
| Lacrimal apparatus | produces lacrimal fluid (tears) that contain antibodies and lysozyme; protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye, cold causes the lacrimal mucosa to swell causing watery eyes |
| muscles attach | to the outer surface of the eye |
| Fibrous Tunic | Sclera, outside layer, white connective tissue, white of the eye, contains the Cornea |
| Cornea | Transparent, central anterior portion; allows light to pass through; repairs easily; transplanted without rejection; no blood vessles |
| Choroid | Middle layer; blood rich, pigment prevents scattering light; modified internally into two structures - Ciliary Body and Iris |
| Ciliary Body | Smooth Muscle |
| Iris | Regulates light into the eye and gives the eye pigment and contains the pupil |
| Pupil | rounded opening of the iris through light enters |
| Retina | inside layer containing photoreceptors |
| Rods | most are on the edges; night vision; peripheral vision; all gray tones; detect motion |
| Cones | Detailed vision with color; most are in the middle; three types; cones are sensitive to different wavelengths |
| Fovea Centralis | The area of the retina with only cones ( greatest visual activity) |
| Color Blindness | results in the lack of one cone |
| Photoreceptors are not located in the? | Blind spot/ optic disc |
| Signals pass from photoreceptors via | the Bipolar Neurons and the Ganglion cells |
| Photoreceptor's signals leave through the | optic nerve |
| Lens | Biconvex crystal-like structure; focuses light and images onto the retina; held in place by a sespensory ligament attached to the cillary body |
| Aqueous Humor | Watery fluid between the lens and cornea; similar to blood plasma; maintains pressure; provides nutrients for the lens and cornea; absorbed into the venous blood through the canal of schlemm |
| Vitreous Humor | Gel-like substance behind the lens; keeps the eye from collapsing; is not replaced and lasts a lifetime |
| Accommodation | light must be focused on a point on the retina; the eye is set for distance vision (20+feet); lens must change shape to focus close objects |
| Eye Reflexes | the autonomic nervous system controls the internal muscles of the eye; bright light constricts pupils (radical and ciliary muscles); external muscles control eye movements (convergence) |
| Emmertopia | eyes focus correctly |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness; light rays focus in front of the retina; eyeball is too long; lens is too strong; lens is too curved; concave corrective lenses |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness; light focuses behind the retina; eyeball is too short or a lazy lens; eyestrain; convex corrective lenses |
| Astigmatism | unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens; blurry images because light is in lines not points; require special lenses |
| ear houses what two senses | equilibrium and hearing |
| Pinna | directs sound |
| External auditory canal | narrow chamber, lined with skin and ceruminous glands ,in the temporal bone; ends at the tympanic membrane; conducts sound vibrations towards the ear drum |
| Middle ear (tympanic cavity) | air filled cavity in the temporal bone; opening to the auditory canal is covered by the typanic membrane |
| auditory tube | connects the middle ear to the throat; allows equalizing pressure (yawning/ swallowing/ collapsed) |
| Bones of the Tympanic Cavity | Malleous, Incus, Stapes; vibrations from the tympanic membrane move the malleus moving the other bones transferring sound to the inner ear |
| Inner Ear | filled with perilymph (plasma like fluid); bony chambers in the temporal bone - Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular canals |
| Organ of Corti | Inside the cochlea; hair cells (hearing receptors); gel like membrane lies over the hair to bend them with vibrations activate; hair stimulation sends impulses to temporal lobe through the cochlear nerve |
| Equilibrium | responds to movements of our head |
| Static Equilibrium | Maculae - receptors in the vestibule; report on the position fo the head with respect to gravity; keep our heads up; hair cells are in the otolithic membrane (jellylike membrane); otoliths (tiny stones float in gel around the hair); movement causes the otoliths to move the hair cells and send impulses to the brain |
| Dynamic Equilibrium | Crista ampullaris - receptor region in the semicircular canals that respond to angular or rotary movements of the head; contain tuffs of hair covered in cupula(gelatinous cap); action of angular head movements stimulates the cupula and the hair cells sending impulses through the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum |
| Sensorineural deafness | when there is a degeneration or damage to the receptor cells in the Organ of Corti to the auditory cortex |
| Conduction deafness | can still hear with bone conduction; hearing aids; build up of wax or fusion of ossioles |
| Chemoreceptors | Respond to chemicals in a solution |
| Five taste receptors | salty (metal ions), sweet (sugars, Saccharine, amino acids), bitter (alkaloids) ,sour (acids), umami (meat) |
| Olfactory receptors | receptors for smell - roof of the nasal cavity; neurons with olfactory hairs (cilia in the nasal epithelium); Chemical are dissolved in mucus; impulses are transmitted through the olfactory nerve to the brain where smell interpretations are made |
| Olfactory neurons | adapt quickly to unchanging stimuli |
| Taste Buds | receptor organs, tongue, soft palate, cheeks |
| Tongue | covered with papillae |
| Filiform Papillae | Sharp with no taste buds |
| Fungifiorm Papillae | Rounded with taste buds |
| Circumvallate Papillae | :Large papillae with taste buds |
| Taste Buds | Sides of papillae; specific receptor cells that respond to chemicals in saliva are called gustatory cells; Gustatory hairs protrude through taste pores; hairs are stimulated by chemicals in saliva |
| Developmental aspects of the Special Senses | Formed early as an embryo; vision is not fully functioning at birth; eye grow till age 8/9; lenses never stop growing; lacrimal glands don't fully develop till 2 weeks after birth |
| Presbyopia | Condition that results from decreasing elasticity of the lens as you age resulting in farsightedness |
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